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Apple

Orchard

VOLUME 2 NUMBER 2

SUMMER 1981

Mountain Computer
put it all together
for you.

The CPS Multifunction Card

Three cards in one! The Mountain Computer CPS MultiFunction Card provides all the capabilities of a serial interface, parallel

output interface and real-time clock/calendar— all on one card— occupying only one slot in your Apple II®. Serial and Parallel

output may be used simultaneously from CPS. CPS is configured from a set-up program on diskette which sets the parameters

(such as baud rate, etc.) for all functions contained on the card and is stored in CMOS RAM on the card. Once you have

configured your card, you need never set it up again. You may also change parameters from the keyboard with control

commands. All function set-ups stored on-board are battery powered for up to two years. “Phantom slot” capability permits

assigning each of the functions of CPS to different slots in your Apple without the card actually being in those slots! For

example, insert CPS in slot #4 and set it up so that is simulates a parallel interface in slot #1 and a clock in slot #7 and leave the

serial port assigned to slot #4. CPS’s on-board intelligence lets it function in a wide variety of configurations, thereby providing
software compatibility with most existing programs. “We’ve put it all together for you”— for these reasons and many more!
Drop by your Apple dealer and see for yourself how our CPS MultiFunction Card can expand the capabilities of your Apple and

save you a great deal of money as well!

Calendar/Clock

Parallel Output

Serial Interface

• Features auto-line feed, trans-

• One second to 99 years

Battery backed-up (2 years

tabbing, line length, delay after

parent terminal mode, Apple

• Two AA standard alkaline batteries

carriage return, lower to upper

tabbing, line length, delay after

for back-up (provided)

carriage return, local echo of

case conversion

• Compatible with MCI Apple

Centronics standard

output characters, simultaneous

Clock™ time access programs

reconfigurable to other standards

serial/parallel output, lower to

• Status bit handshaking

upper case conversion, discarding

of extraneous LFs from serial input

• Uses the powerful 2651 serial

SPECIAL

INTRODUCTORY
PRICE . .

• 16 selectable internal baud rates-

Mountain Computer

I N CORPORATE D *

50 to 19.2Kbaud

• Half/Full duplex terminal operation

• I/O interface conforms to RS-232C

• Asynchronous/Synchronous
operation

300 El Pueblo Scotts Valley, CA 95066

'Apple Clock was the trademark of Mountain Computer Inc.

'Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

SSM helps you get the most from your
Apple II* computer. Choose from three

general purpose interface boards. With flex-
ibility and prices that translate to big savings.
Now, and when you upgrade.

Serial (ASIO™). Our ASIO gives you a
full-duplex RS-232 interface. Plus jumper-
selectable rates from 1 10 to 9600 baud. You
also get software control, three handshaking
lines and two output plugs — so you can con-
nect your Apple to a modem or to a

terminal/printer without
modifying the cable. |§|

Parallel (APIO™). For ||

parallel interfaces, our

APIO offers two 8-bit
bidirectional ports. We also
include additional interrupt
and handshaking lines, plus
software control of the in-
terface configuration and data

direction. Cables for Centronics
and other printers are optional.

Or Both (AIO™). Choose our
tried and proven AIO when you

need a sometimes-serial or a sometimes-
parallel operation. This single-board solution
packs a lot of performance for the price.
Thousands are now being used. It even lets
you operate both ways— simultaneously —
under Pascal, or with special drivers.

All three boards feature powerful firmware
so you don’t have to write software to use
them. The ASIO and AIO include cables.

Whether you’re an OEM or end-user, we
can supply virtually any quantity you need.

Quickly. Even in kit form.

! | For the latest word on these,

I see your local computer
dealer. Or call Us today.
1 You may also want to look
into our cost-effective
A488™ board which con-
verts your Apple II into an
IEEE-488 controller.
SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.,
2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA
95131. (408) 946-7400. (TWX

910-338-2077. Telex 171171.)

♦Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computers Inc.
ASIO, APIO, AIO and A488 are trademarks of SSM Micro-
computer Products, Inc.

SSM Microcomputer
Products, Inc.

Verbatim

comments:

W Compared to the brands
I've used before,Verbatim
Datalifeis the best yet ! 99

Sandy Tiedeman
Las Vegas, NV

WNew Verbatim helped
eliminate I/O errors on
my Apple. ??

Richard Adams
Ft. Walton Beach, FL

WI would prefer Verbatim
Datalife over any brand I've
ever used.??

Skip Piltz
Overland Park, KS

WMy experience with
Verbatim diskettes has been
excellent. I've used several
boxes over the past few
months and they've all been
error- free. ??

Robert Roeder

Las Vegas, NV

WMuch stronger, better
centering. A definite im-
provement.??

Leroy LaBalle
Marrero, LA

Wit has worked perfectly
everytime!??

Richard Ruth
Shippensburg, PA

WI like the thicker pro-
tective cover. ??

David Hendel
Lititz, PA

W Great! I have had no
problems!??

Timothy Roscoe
Mechanicsburg, PA

WSo far my Verbatim disks
have been performing flaw-
lessly. Not always so with
other disks. ??

Chris Otis

Hoffman Estates, IL

"Runs quieter in the disk
drive.??

Richard Cannova
Los Angeles, CA

W Verbatim disks are super.
They're our standard for
quality. ??

Bob Mills
Mission, KS

W Anything that prolongs the
life of a diskette is a plus.
Thank you Verbatim for an
excellent improvement. ??

Steve Toth
Piscataway, NJ

W Thank you for the im-
provements. Just another
reason why 111 always use
Verbatim.?)

James Hassler
Cheyenne, WY

We introduced Verbatim
Datalife mere months ago.
And it's already playing to
rave reviews like these.

But don't take anybody
else's word for it. Try it your-
self, and see if you don't
agree it's the best media
you've ever tried. For the
name of your nearest
Verbatim dealer, call (800)
538-1793, in California call
(408)737-7771 collect.

Mfk- L. ^

WOf the 130-plus Verbatim
disks I have, I'm not aware
of any problems. I'm sure
the improvements will give
your disks an even longer
life.??

Gerald Janas
Warren, MI

W FANTASTIC. Not a single
registration problem. Much
more reliable than what I
had been using.??

Gary Sandler
Play a Del Rey CA X s

WVerbatim is much more
reliable. I wouldn't trust
anything else.??

Howard Chin
Pomona, CA

We play it back, Verbatim!

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 3

Take a bite...

Vol. 2 No. 2

Summer 1981

True Descenders for the Silentype, Andy Hertzfeld 13

For most (but not all) Silentypes, you can add this classy feature.

CP/M On Your Apple II — Another Beginning, Gene Wilson 19

A tour of the widely used operating system.

The Problem of Copies, Peter C. Weiglin 22

Have you ever gotten a bootleg disk?

Software Protection, Neil Lipson 25

Electronic countermeasures.

For Professional Programmers — A Voice in the Industiy, Scot Kamins 26

Vignettes on piracy, and a response.

COUT and Printed or Displayed Output, D. Buchler 28

Doing it Right, Bob Hance 30

A treatise on self-incrimination and quality.

Apple III Users, Unite . . . Jim Linhart 32

Support groups for the newcomer.

Apple III Dabbling, Rick Smith 33

Deja Vu for the Apple II oldtimer.

Read DOS 3.3 Files From Pascal 1.1, Lee Meador 34

Make the transition to Pascal that much easier.

The Executive Branch, C. J. Thompson 45

EXEC operations in BASIC.

Getting There Faster in Applesoft, Part II, David H. Bartley 58

More radical ways to speed up executions.

One-Oven Muffin, Dana J. Schwartz 66

Single-drive 3.2 to 3.3 conversion program.

DEPARTMENTS

PRINT FRE(ED), Val J. Golding 8

Planting a seed . . . , Peter C. Weiglin 9

President’s Message, Ken Silverman 11

Letters to the Editor 47

Cycloids, “Dr. Wo” 53

A new Pascal column, beginning with a great graphic.

User Group Forum, Randy Fields 68

Another new feature, this one on User Group activities.

IAC Section: Inside the IAC 48

Membership Information 72

Sponsoring Members 74

Member Club Roster 75

Forbidden Fruit, Mark L. Crosby 85

Temptations, delicacies, and necessities.

Buffer Overflow, Dan Wasleski 100

PAGE 4

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

Apple

Orchard

Vol. 2 No. 2 Summer 1981

by International Apple Core

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE

Peter C. Weiglin — Editor
Val J. Golding — Editorial Associate
Mark Crosby — New Products Editor
“Dr. Wo” — Pascal/Languages Editor

EDITORIAL MATERIAL TO:

International Apple Core

P.O. Box 976

Daly City, CA 94017

Published for the International Apple Core by
dilithium Press, P.O. box 1493,
Beaverton, OR 97075

Jill A. Scofield — Publisher

Tymera Coen — Production Manager

ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES:

dilithium Press
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, OR 97075
(503) 646-2713

SUBSCRIPTIONS— DEALER INFORMATION:

Apple Orchard Subscriptions
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, OR 97075

APPLE ORCHARD (ISSN 0277-1950) is published quarterly by dilithium Press, 11000
SW 1 1th Street, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. Subscription rates are $10.00 for four issues
in the G.S., $15.00 CI.S. funds for Canada, Mexico, APO and FPO addresses, and $20.00
(IS. funds for overseas and foreign addresses. Send change of address notices and cor-
respondence concerning subscriptions to: APPLE ORCHARD Subscriptions, P.O. Box
1493, Beaverton, Oregon 97075.

Jerry Vitt

Officers

Chairman

(214)369-7660

Ken Silverman

President

(415)878-9171

Dave Gordon

Vice-President

(213)384-0579

David Alpert

Treasurer

(312) 295-6078

Joe Budge

Secretary

(919) 489-4284

Regional Directors

Roger Keating

P.O. Box 448, Double Bay 2048, NSW, Australia

AubyMandel

409 Queen St. W. , T oronto, Ont. , Canada M5V 2 A5

Wolfgang Dederichs

Auf Drenhausen 2 4320 Hattigen, West Germany

Harlan G. Felt

(Northern United States)

(408) 866-1733

James E. Hassler

(Northern United States)

(307) 632-4934

Jerry Vitt

(Southern United States)

(214) 369-7660

Scott Knaster

(Southern United States)

(303) 238-8301

Bernie Urban

(Eastern United States)

(301)229-3458

Tony Cerreta

(Eastern United States)

(914)636-3417

Fred Wilkinson

(Western United States)

(415) 585-2240

James Simpson

(Western United States)

(805)492-3391

Committee Chairmen
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS:

Co-ordinator

Louis Milrad

(416)223-0599

Education SIG

Ted Perry

(916) 961-7776

Ham Radio SIG

James E. Hassler, WB7TRQ

(307) 632-4934

Handicapped SIG

David McFarling

(402) 467-1878

Languages

Tom Woteki

(202) 547-0984

Legal SIG

Felix B. Clayton

(803) 884-5370

Medical SIG

Larry L. Stoneburner

(714)953-9151

ApNotes

John Shanes

(804) 746-2711

Apple Orchard

Peter C. Weiglin

(415) 573-9726

IAC Software

Neil Lipson

(215) 356-6183

IAC Librarian

Major Terry N. Taylor

(213)372-4134

Telecommunications

Craig Vaughan

(703) 255-2241

Standards

Mark Robbins

(303) 755-6440

Newsletter Exchange

David Alpert

(312) 295-6078

New Club Assistance

Randy Fields

(415) 775-7965

COPy" R IG H T 1930

CONSUJ^fH Pfpycn]

0 oei 4
HD74LSGSP

Turn your Apple into the world’s
most versatile personal computer.

The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCard
turns your Apple into two computers.
A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80
microprocessor and CP/M to your
Apple, SoftCard turns your Apple into
a CP/M based machine. That means
you can access the single largest body
of microcomputer software in exist-
ence. Two computers in one. And, the
advantages of both.

Plug and go. The SoftCard system
starts with a Z-80 based circuit card.
Just plug it into any slot (except 0) of
your Apple. No modifications required.
SoftCard supports most of your Apple
peripherals, and, in 6502-mode, your
Apple is still your Apple.

CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/M
on disk with the SoftCard package. It's
a powerful and simple-to-use operating
system. It supports more software
than any other microcomputer operat-
ing system. And that's the key to the
versatility of the SoftCard/Apple.

BASIC included. A powerful tool,
BASIC-80 is included in the SoftCard
package. Running under CP/M, ANSI
Standard BASIC-80 is the most
powerful microcomputer BASIC
available. It includes extensive disk I/O
statements, error trapping, integer
variables, 16-digit precision, exten-
sive EDIT commands and string func-
tions, high and low-res Apple graphics,
PRINT USING, CHAIN and COM-
MON, plus many additional com-
mands. And, it's a BASIC you can
compile with Microsoft's BASIC
Compiler.

More languages. With SoftCard and
CP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSI
Standard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or

Basic Compiler and Assembly Lan-
guage Development System. All, more
powerful tools for your Apple.

Seeing is believing. See the SoftCard
in operation at your Microsoft or Apple
dealer. We think you'll agree that the
SoftCard turns your Apple into the
world's most versatile personal
computer.

Complete information? It's at your
dealer's now. Or, we'll send it to you
and include a dealer list. Write us. Call
us. Or, circle the reader service card
number below.

SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft. Apple II and
Apple II Plus are registered trademarks of Apple
Computer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog,
Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital
Research, Inc.

/MICROSOFT

V CONSUMER^ PRODUCTS®

Microsoft Consumer Products, 400 108th Ave. N.E.,
Bellevue, WA 98004. (206) 454-1315

VisiPlot. The VisiPlot™ program
makes it easy to see what your
numbers really say.

It adds real meaning to financial
analysis, forecasting, budgeting and
business planning. Because VisiPlot
takes hard-to-grasp numbers and au-
tomatically turns them into easy-to-
comprehend charts and graphs,
right before your eyes!

All kinds of charts and graphs,
with all kinds of flexibility in titling,
shading, and color — all at the touch
of a few buttons!

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Ask your favorite retail computer dealer for a demonstration of the Personal Software programs.

people who brought youVisiCalc!

VisiTrend/VisiPlot. If you want
sophisticated trend forecasting and
statistical analysis — and you know
how hard it is to create them by
hand— you’ll want to get your hands
on the VisiTrend/VisiPlot™ program!

This program will enable you
to rapidly perform regressions and
time series analysis, plus providing
you with comprehensive charting
and graphing capabilities.

All of these programs are currently
available for the Apple II and II Plus.
Besides their many individual ben-
efits, these new programs deliver
an even greater total benefit. That’s
because many of them interact
with each other and with our new,
enhanced version of VisiCalc.

Together, they give you an
unprecedented family of personal
computing capabilities; making the
computer work harder, so you
can work smarter! ^

VisiTerm. The VisiTerm™ program
enables you to reach out to the
world.

With VisiTerm, you’ll be able to
use your personal computer to com
municate with larger computers, to
tap into data networks, to communi-
cate with other personal computers.

VisiTerm gives you all the
benefits of a personal computer,
plus all the advantages of an intelli-
gent terminal, all in one package.

Or call us at (408) 745-7841 for the name of the Personal Software dealer nearest you. Or write us at 1330 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

HOW TO WORK
SMARTER
NOT HARDER

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

PAGE 8

PRINT FRE(ED)

By Val J. Golding

Editorial Associate

As you read this column, you will
find this one of the rare occasions
where I have dropped the editorial
“we” in favor of the more personal
form of first person singular, and for
good reason, as you will see.

I have had the extreme good for-
tune and pleasure of having been the
first President of Apple Pugetsound
Program Library Exchange and of
the International Apple Core, as well
as the Editor of their respective jour-
nals, Call -A.P.P.L.E. and the Apple
Orchard, each in a class by itself,
each outstanding in its own field.

Over this period I have watched
Apple Orchard grow from a manu-
facturer of the world’s first single
board microcomputer, produced by
two individuals, to a multi-million
dollar industry employing hundreds,
offering a full line of computers and
peripherals, and interspersing its
phenomenal growth and accom-
plishments with the occasional and
expected goofs.

The first Call -A.P.P.L.E. was pro-

duced from my basement and dupli-
cated on an office photocopy ma-
chine. The finishing touches on the
first Orchard were done from my
hospital bed. Never could I have anti-
cipated the storybook coming of age
of any of the three organizations, nor
would I have wanted it differently.
Expansion begets change, and
change begets innovation. In all
cases, this onslaught of ultra-rapid
development demands ever-increas-
ing manhours and staff.

Today the trend continues. Alas,
we may never invent the practical
48-hour day. Thus it is with the deep-
est of feelings, with pride and regret,
sighs of relief and tears of parting,
that I leave the Apple Orchard as its
Editor, and pass the reins to another.
If you have glanced at the staff page
for this issue of the Orchard, you
may have already noted the name of
Peter C. Weiglin as Editor. Peter is a
gentleman of wit and talent, a rare in-
dividual who knows the difference
between a double-truck Birney and a

Philadelphia Nearside (“in” joke),
and who was responsible for the well-
written lead article in the Spring Or-
chard, “Screen Formatting of Text”.
Peter brings with him a varied back-
ground of public transit, Apple and
other computers, and editorial
resources.

Naturally, I wish Peter all the best
in cranking out each coming issue of
the Orchard, and as Editorial Asso-
ciate, I will be available to him when-
ever needed, and in addition, will be
an ongoing contributor to the Apple
Orchard.

It would not be appropriate to
close this somewhat emotional col-
umn without extending my thanks to
all who have helped and contributed
to the success of the Orchard, and in
particular to two lovely, charming
and dedicated young ladies, both
dear personal friends, who have
toiled long and hard for both the Or-
chard and Call -A.P.P.L.E., Patricia
Boner and Kathryn Hallgrimson.
Thanks to both and Love ’Ya. ^

QOODOOOGOOOOOOODOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOa

. . .APPEND FILE. . .

Who replaced Val Golding?
Wrong question. Nobody could “re-
place” Val Golding. All one can do is
try to maintain, and maybe improve,
upon what he created from blank
paper and an office photocopier. The
best news for me is that Val will con-
tinue to be available; maybe we’ll
both have time for the Birneys and
the Nearsides, someday. Meanwhile,
you and your crews have the thanks
of all of us.

— PCW

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 9

Planting
a seed...

or-chard(n.) An environment
designed to help
Apples flourish . . .

Well, we’ve taken a liberty or two
with Mr. Webster’s definition, but
that statement is the reason for this
Orchard. It’s part of the overall mis-
sion of the International Apple Core.

This publication, with a world-
wide circulation in excess of 30,000
(and growing), exists to improve
What one jargon-spouting sociolo-
gist called the “man-machine inter-
face”. It’s a forum for the exchange of
information which will help you to
get more from your Apple. It’s also a
means to show you some of the re-
markable facets of this Apple world
we’ve all joined . . . and it’s a way for
you to share your experiences with
kindred souls.

Our twin goals are relevance and
reliability. Relevance in providing in-
formation not only for the new-
comers, but also for the “old hands”.
(By the way, “old hand” status is
usually achieved, or at least claimed,
after about a year of ownership.)

Some of that information comes
from Apple Computer itself, in the

form of the CONTACT section. We
appreciate the Company’s support
and contributions of material to this
user publication. We also appreciate,
encourage (and pay for) material
from individuals who share their
knowledge and experience. That
could be you, couldn’t it? If it has to
do with our favorite computers and
the galaxy of related hardware and
software, it’s fertilizer for the Or-
chard.

Not that we’re just an Apple Com-
puters, Inc. house organ; far from it.
For example, we agree with those
dealers who thought that the com-
pany’s sudden suspension of dis-
tribution of Apple II’s this past
January, without telling the dealers,
coincidentally just before a price in-
crease, appeared to be a question-
able tactic. Maybe it wasn’t, but the
point is that the dealers’ perception
was not a pleasant one. Yes, it all got
straightened out, but it was not a win-
ning example of How To Do Busi-
ness.

Remember, the Orchard is pub-
lished by an international federation
of more than 200 user groups, not by
manufacturers. That will show up in
product reviews. If something is
good, we’ll say so. If it stinks, we’ll say
so. Will we be unbiased? Of course
not. Each person brings his or her in-
dividual biases along on any review.
These can’t be filtered out, nor
should they be. A review, after all,
implies judgment and informed
opinion.

Will we be fair? Just as fair as is
humanly possible, including printing
rebuttals, dissents, and comments —
and doing our best to listen for the
telltale scraping and whining of
someone grinding his own ax while
claiming impartiality.

Like the Apple world, the Orchard
will continue to grow and develop
overtime. We invite you to watch . . .
and to participate.

CiO\

For the imaginative

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connoisseur

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i Press —

P.O. Box 606
Beaverton, OR 97075

toll free order number
1-800-547-1842

Write for Free Catalog
Our books are available
at Kroch’s and Brentanos,

B. Daltons, computer stores
or directly from us.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 1 1

President’s Message

Ken Silverman

President, International Apple Core

More than a full year has passed
since the first Apple Orchard in
March 1980. This issue is number
five for our quarterly publication. As
time moves forward changes are ex-
pected. When the IAC was first
formed, the need to get as much in-
formation as possible to as many Ap-
ple users created the need for the Ap-
ple Orchard. With that need Val
Golding became our Editor.

Val was one of the original found-
ers of the IAC and one of the driving
forces to get just such an organiza-
tion formed. Most users know Val as
the Editor of — Call Apple, the pre-
mier Apple user group publication.

As — Call Apple has grown, Val’s
time has become less available. Now
there are plans for a new publication
by the A.P.P.L.E. group, which will
take even more of his time. Val’s first
love is, of course, his work with his

own club; because of this Val has re-
signed as Editor of the Apple Or-
chard; his last issue was the March
’81 issue.

I’m happy to report that we won’t
lose his input entirely, because Val
has agreed to be a Contributing Edi-
tor for the Apple Orchard. We wish
Val all the luck in the world in these
endeavors, and any future ones.

Now we welcome as the new Edi-
tor of the Apple Orchard, Peter
Weiglin of San Mateo, California.
Peter has been active in the San
Francisco Apple Core, holding,
among other jobs, Co-Editor and
Editor of the Cider Press. He has
edited magazines in the past, and has
been a radio and TV reporter. His
journalistic experience should prove
to be a great asset to future issues of
the Orchard and I hope you will sup-
port him as you did Val.

r 'n

We have been receiving quite a
few applications for Associate Mem-
bership in the IAC recently. This has
been due to the information about
membership in our last issue of the
APPLE ORCHARD. One of the
items not mentioned in the article is
the difference between Regular and
Associate membership. Associate
membership does not carry with it
any voting rights in the IAC, nor do
Associate members receive any of
the free distributed software. They
do receive all printed matter.

Not all applying for Associate
Membership will receive this mem-
bership. The Associate membership
category is primarily for Educational
Institutions who are using more than
one Apple and have more than one
person using same. Each application
for Associate Membership will be re-
viewed on its own merits. The more
information that is supplied with the
application, the better the chance it
will be approved.

V J

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From BASIS

for the Apple II computer . . .
UPPER/lower case Keyboard Encoder

As the uses of the Apple II became more sophisti-
cated, the need for more powerful and specialized
keyboard control became clear. Wordprocessing
and the Pascal Editor alone showed the deficiency
of only displaying capital letters.

BASIS developed a solution: the multi-language
Keyboard Encoder. With typewriter-like simplicity,
your Apple can now produce all upper/lower case
ASCII characters by using the SHIFT key. And for
those applications requiring it, your choice of
German, French and Swedish character sets— all
in upper and lower case. By using an EPROM
programmer, you can add any special character
sets of your own design.

Features of the Keyboard Encoder

• Replaces the keyboard encoder on Apple II and
II Plus from Revision level 7 on.

• Upper/lower case control via the SHIFT key

• New RESET protection

• ALPHALOCK and AUTOREPEAT on all keys

• Ready to install, no wiring or soldering

• European character sets available

• Compatible with all Apple Operating Systems

• Complete Installation and Operating Manual

Add the BASIS Keyboard Encoder to your Apple II
and get a new look on the screen. Available for
$125.00 at Apple Dealers everywhere.

INCORPORATED

P.O. Box 2029
Los Gatos, Ca. 95030

(408) 395-4133

Apple is the registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 13

TRUE DESCENDERS
FOR YOUR SILENTYPE
PRINTER

By Andy Hertzfeld

Apple Computer, Inc.

Apple’s Silentype thermal printer
is an inexpensive, reliable, and
uniquely flexible hard copy devide.
The Silentype is really a lobotomized
Trendcom 200; instead of having a
builting microprocessor (the Trend-
com uses an Intel 8048), the Silen-
type draws its intelligence from the
Apple’s 6502 microprocessor. This
means that native features of the
Silentype need not be limited by the
software residing on the 2K ROM on
its interface card; new features may
be added using RAM based software.
This program is an example of how
new features can be added to your
Silentype.

A descender, of course, is that por-
tion of certain alphanumeric charac-
ters which, er, descends, below the
normal bottom or baseline of print-
ing. In a normal English character
set, there are eight such descenders,
found in the comma, semicolon, and
underline punctuation marks; and in
lower-case letters “g”, “j”, “p”, ‘‘q’’,
and “y”. The problem is that the
Silentype’s thermal printhead is only
seven dots high, as is the case with
most inexpensive dot-matrix
printers. Normally, then, they can’t
“reach” below the print line to print a
descender, which results in some
pretty unusual-looking approxima-
tions. This hurts overall print quality,
but is considered “acceptable” in the
low-end price range; the idea seems
to be that if you want descenders, get
a more expensive printer, with a
nine-dot high printhead.

Maybe not. Chances are that your
Silentype can do that trick, if you tell
it to. We take advantage of the user-
definable character set feature built
into the Silentype’s firmware. Every
time that firmware fetches a dot pat-

tern to print, it jumps through a vec-
tor in its local RAM (address $CF09).
Thus, we can gain control before
every character that is printed. We
check to see if the next character is
one of the eight with a descender; if it
isn’t, we just jump back into the ROM
and allow it to do its dirty work. But if
it is one of the eight that we’re look-
ing for, we divert control to a special
routine.

That routine is a machine lan-
guage program which contains a
special character table for our eight
characters, and commands to move
the paper up a two-dot distance, for
that special character. We still have a
seven-dot print head, but it’s offset
downward two dots. Then we restore
the paper to its original position and
go on our way.

There is one small problem with
this technique, which is why I was
less than positive about your ability
to achieve this result. The Silentype
printing mechanism wasn’t designed
to facilitate negative paper motion
(the technical term for moving the
paper back down). On some Silen-
types, negative paper motion causes
the paper to puff up against the
platen, causing improper contact for
the next character printed and a con-
sequent loss of print quality. Most
Silentypes do not have this problem;
the descenders routine works just
fine on about 70 percent of the
printers. However, since Silentypes
are not tested for negative paper mo-
tion, about a quarter of them will
have varying degrees of problems
with this technique. This is the rea-
son the descenders routine was not
employed in the released firmware.
The only way to tell if your Silentype
has this problem is to try it.

The following machine language
program implements true descen-
ders for your Silentype printer. It is
very easy to use; once the program is
loaded into memory, you can initial-
ize it by activating the Silentype and
CALLing its starting address. I have
assembled the program to begin at
address 24576 ($6000), but it may
easily be changed to any location
you find convenient. Make sure that
output is routed to the Silentype (by
issuing a PR command) before you
CALL it. The initialization CALL only
has to be performed once; it is
remembered in the parameter mem-
ory on the Silentype’s interface card
and will stay in effect until the power
is turned off.

ooooooooooooooooo-

ANDY HERTZFELD

“My job isn’t a job — it’s fun,” says
Andy Hertzfeld. He calls himself a
“programmer” at Apple Computer,
Inc., which is a bit like Heifitz calling
himself a “fiddle player”. Andy’s “fid-
dling” credits include much soft-
ware, plus the programming for
many firmware items, including
ROMPlus, the M&R Sup-R-Term
80-column Board . . . and the Silen-
type printer. A Philadelphia area
native, Andy was educated at Brown
University and the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley. His fondness and
talent for computers found personal
fulfillment with an Apple II, which
“liberated me from the grad school’s
large mainframe”. Eighteen months
ago, Apple recognized his talents
and brought Andy aboard; he’s now
working on things he can’t even
discuss.

PAGE 14

The hex dump for the program

follows:

6000:

6008:

6010:

6018:

6020:

6028:

6030:

APPLE ORCHARD

6038

6040

6048

6050

6058

6060

6068

6070

6078

6080

6088

SUMMER 1981

6090:

6098:

60A0:

60A8:

60B0:

60B8:

60C0:

60C8:

60D0:

60D8:

60E0:

SOURCh

8000:

0000:

0000 :

FILE: RAMDESCENDERS
i

TRUE DESCENDERS FOR THE SILENTVPE

ANDV HERTZFELD 4-'5/31

THIS ROUTINE INSTALLS ITSELF INTO
THE SILENTVPE FIRMWARES CHARACTER SET
FETCH HOOK AND IMPLEMENTS TRUE 9 DOT
DESCENDERS BV MOVING THE PAPER UP AND DOWN

NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME IS R AMDESCENDERS . OBJ0

6000:

11 ORS $6000

6000:

12 *

6000:

13 * FIRMWARE EQUATES AND DEFINTIQNS

6000:

14 *

0026:

15 COLUMN EQU $26

6000:

16 *

U8A3 :

17 LOCKHEAD EQU $CBA3

CCfiS:

18 PAPERFEED EQU $CCAB

CCB3:

13 LOCKPAPER EQU $CCB3

CC1S:

20 ROMFETCH EQU $CC1B

CF07:

21 PAPERSTEP EQU $CF07

CF01:

22 STATUS EQU $CF01

CF09:

23 FETCHOOK EQU $CF09

CF2B:

24 DOTS EQU $CF2B

CS05:

25 PAPERSEND EQU $CB85

CB30:

26 HSWAIT EQU $CB38

6900:

27 *

FDED:

23 COUT EQU $FDED

6000:

23 *

6000 :4C 3E

30 JMP INSTALLIT

6003:

31 *

6093 :

32 * ON ENTRV, THE A-RES HOLDS THE CHARACTER TO

6003:

33 * BE PRINTED.

6003:

34 *

6003:23 7F

35 FETCHDOTS AND #$7F

6005 : 3D 3C

36 STA CHAR

6008:33

37 TVA

6803: 43

38 PHA

600A:3A

33 TXA

6008:48

40 PHA

608C:

41 *

600C :

42 *

600C :

43 * FIRST SEARCH THE TABLE OF DESCEND IN6 CHARACTERS

600C:

t*ii ’ *

44 * TO SEE IF THE CHARACTER IS A DESCENDER.

lL=:

680C: A2 07

46 LDX #NUMDES-1

608E:

47 *

608E:BD 83

48 DESRCHLOOP LDA WHICHARS,X

6011: CD 9C

49 CMP CHAR

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 15

6814: F8

BEQ

ITSDESC

60 16: C A

DEX

6017: 18

BPL

DESRCHLOOP

6013:

Hr-

6013:

* ITS HOT A

DESCENDING CHARACTER SO MOUE THE

6813:

* PAPER UP

IF ITS DOWN

6813:

60 13: AD

LDA

PAPERUP

60 1C: F0

BEQ

FETCHDONE

68 IE: 28

JSR

LOCKHEAD

6821:20

JSR

MOUEUP

6824:28

JSR

LOCKPAPER

6827: A3

LDA

6023: 8U

STA

PAPERUP

S02C:

602C:

* NOW JUMP BACK INTO THE ROM FETCHDOTS ROUTINE

682C:

■HH

S02C : 68

FETCHDGNE PLA

6820 : AA

TAX

S02E:68

PLA

682F: A8

TAV

6838: AD

LDA

CHAR

6833 :4C

JMP

ROMFETCH

6036:

f -Jj

6036:

* THE CHARACTER IS A DESCENDER SO MOVE THE

6036:

* PAPER DOWN IF NECESSARY

6036 :

6836: AD

I 1

ITSDESC LDA

PAPERUP

6833:00

BNE

DOWNALREADV

683B:

683B:CE

DEC

PAPERUP

603E:8A

TXA

603F : 48

! J£_

PHA

; PRESERVE X REGISTER

6040:28

JSR

LOCKHEAD

6043:20

JSR

MOUEDOWN

6846:28

JSR

LOCKPAPER

6043:68

PLA

684A: AA

—1

TAX

j RESTORE X REGISTER

604B:

* PERFORM THE BI-DIRECTIONAL COLUMN ADJUSTMENT

604B:

604B: A4

DOWNALREADV

LDV COLUMN

6840 :2C

BIT

STATUS

6850:30

BMI

N0INC8

6052: A3

LDA

6054:33

SEC

6855: E5

SBC

COLUMN

6857 : A8

TAV

6853:

6858: 93 * AT THIS POINT, THE X-RE6 CONTAINS THE CHARACTER

6853: 188 * NUMBER WHILE THE V-RE6 CONTAINS THE COLUMN OFFSET

6858: 101 *

60-58 :3A

102 N0INC8

TXA

6853: 8A

183

ASL

685A:0A

104

ASL

; MULT I PL V CHAR NO * 4

605B:SD

185

STA

SCRATCH

605E:8A

186

TXA

605F-.6D

107

ADC

SCRATCH

; CARRY IS CLEAR

6062:80

108

STA

SCRATCH

f SCRATCH HAS CHAR# * 5

6065:98

183

TVA

6066: 6D

110

ADC

SCRATCH

;ADO IN COLUMN OFFSET (CARRY IS CLEAR >

PAGE 16

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

6069 : 03

111

TOV

6060 : B9

112

LOO

CTOBLE,Y jLOQK UP BIT HOP FOR COLUMN

606D : 3D

113

STO

DOTS

6070:

114

-£

6070:68

115

PLO

6871:03

116

TOV

6072:63

117

PLO

6073:00

118

TAX

6074: OD

119

LOO

CHOR

6077 : 60

120

RTS

6073:

121

6078:

122

* HQUEDOHN HOUES THE POPER MOTOR

6078:

123

* DOWN

ONE STEP

6073:

124

6073:05

125

COLUHN ? HUST PRESERUE COLUMN

6070:43

126

PHO

687B:03

127

LDO

607D : 20

128

JSR

POPERFEED

6030:63

129

PLO

6031:35

130

STO

COLUHN

6033:60

131

RTS

6034:

132

6034:

133

6084:

134

* HOUEUP HOUES THE POPER UP ONE STEP

6034:

135

6084:00

136

HOUEUP

LDO

POPERSTEP

6087:00

137

OSL

6038 : C3

138

CMP

#$10

6080:90

139

BCC

HOPODJ

608C:29

140

AND

#$0F

688E:09

141

ORO

#$01

6890:30

142

HQPOOJ

STO

POPERSTEP

6893:20

143

JSR

POPERSEND

6896:09

144

LDO

#120 ?WOIT 12 MILLISECONDS

6098 :4C

145

JHP

MSWOIT

609B:

146

609B:

147

* LOCOL

U OR TABLES

689B:

143

■£

609B : 00

149

POPERUP

DFB

$00

683C:00

158

CHOR

DFB

$00

6090:00

151

SCRATCH

DFB

$00

609E:

152

609t:

153

* THIS ROUTINE INSTALLS US IN THE CHOROCTER

689E:

154

* FETCH

HOOK

AND INITIALIZES THINGS

609E:

155

609E: 09

156

INSTOLLIT LDO #$8D = FIRST PRINT 0 CR

6000:20

157

JSR

GOUT

6003: 09

153

LDO

#>FETCHDOTS

6005:30

159

STO

FETCHOOK

6803:09

160

LDO

#<FETCHDOTS

6000: 3D

161

STO

FETCHOOK+1

6000:09

162

LDO

60OF:3D

163

STO

POPERUP

60B2: 60

164

RTS

60B3:

165

■+*

60B3:

166

* TOBLE

OF CHARACTERS WHICH ORE DESCENDERS

60B3:

lb7

0003:

163

NUHDES

EQU

3 ; 3 DESCENDING CHOROCTERS

68B3:

169

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 17

6083: 170 WHICHARS EQU *

6aB3: 171 *

6083:67 172 DFB *67 ; LOWER CASE G

69B4:8A 173 DFB *6A f LOWER CASE J

6085:79 174 DFB *70 ; LOWER CASE P

60B6:71 175 DFB *71 ; LOWER CASE Q

6837:79 176 DFB *79 f LOWER CASE V

6083 :2C 177 DFB *2C ; COMMA

60B9:3B 173 DFB *3B ;SEMI COLON

60BA:5F 179 DFB *5F ; UNDERLINE

60BB: 130 *

60BB: 131 *

60BB: 132 * BITMAP TABLES FOR DESCENDING CHARACTERS

60BB: 133 *

60BB:93 A5 A5 134 CTABLE DFB 152,165,165,165,199 f LOWER CASE 6
60BE: A5 BE

60C0: 32 31 31 135 DFB 139,129,129,222,128 j LOWER CASE J

60C3:DE 38

60C5:BF A4 A4 136 DFB 191,164,164,164,152 ; LQWER CASE P

68C3:A4 98

60CA-93 A4 A4 137 DFB 152,164,164,164,191 ; LOWER CASE Q

60CD : A4 BF

60CF : B8 35 35 133 DFB 134,133,133,133,1:99 ;LOWER CASE V

6002:35 BE

60D4: 88 31 3E 189 DFB 123,129,142,149,128 ; COMHA

69D7 : 3C 39

6009:80 39 97 199 DFB 128,128,151,159,128 ; SEMI COLON

68DC:96 39

68DE:31 31 31 191 DFB 129,129,129,129,129 ; UNDERLINE

68E1:31 81

60E3: 192 *

68E3: 193 * THE END!

60E3: 194 *

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY : NO ERRORS

8036 CHAR
690E DESRCHLOOP
6903 FETCHDOTS
CBA8 LOCKHEAD
CB99 MSWAIT
CCA8 PAPERFEED
CC1B ROMFETCH

26 COLUMN
CF2B DOTS
CF09 FETCHOOK
CCB9 LOCKPAPER
6958 N0INC9
CB95 PAPERSEND
699D SCRATCH

FDED COUT
6948 DOHNALREADV
609E INSTALLIT
6978 HQUEDOHN
6999 NOPADJ
CF97 PAPERSTEP
CF91 STATUS

69BB CTABLE
692C FETCHDONE
6936 ITSDESC
6984 HOUEUP
8008 NUHDES
6098 PAPERUP
60B3 WHICHARS

0003 NUHDES
682C FETCHDONE
6978 HOUEDOWN
609C CHAR
60BB CTABLE
CC1B ROMFETCH
CF07 PAPERSTEP

26 COLUMN
6936 ITSDESC
6884 MOUEUP
6090 :3CRATCH
CB85 PAPERSEND
CCAB PAPERFEED
CF09 FETCHOOK

6093 FETCHDOTS
6048 DOHNALREADV
6890 NOPADJ
609E INSTALLIT
CB90 MSWAIT
CCB9 LOCKPAPER
CF2B DOTS

600E DESRCHLOOP
6858 N0INC8
699B PAPERUP
6083 WHICHARS
CBA8 LOCKHEAD
CF01 STATUS
FDED COUT

NOW THERE IS A GOOD REASON
TO OWN A GRAPHICS TABLET

draw color fill rotate

enlarge

THE ILLUSTRATOR

What type of images do you make? Business
presentations, mechanical drawings, circuit layouts,
educational diagrams . . . ? No matter what type of
image you need to make the ILLUSTRATOR can
assist you in your design. It will save you time by
giving you the power you expect from computer
graphics.

That power comes from such features as
drawing and erasing, zooming, making duplicates,
filing in areas with colors, and transforming objects
by moving, rotating, enlarging, reducing and propor-
tion change.

These and other capabilities allow you to
take control of the design process. It makes you feel
free to modify your designs because it is easy to do
so. No more pencils and erasers. The abilities of the
ILLUSTRATOR make them obsolete. Want to erase
some lines? Just point to them and they are gone.
Want to move an object? Easy, point to where you
want it and it’s there. Need to duplicate an object,
just point to the original and point to where the
duplicate goes. Now there are two. Enlarging and
reducing objects is just as easy. So is rotation. To fill
in the area of an object, just draw its borders and
then mix a color from a palette. The zoom capability
allows you to do detail work, and gives you an effec-
tive resolution greater than the Apple display.

And you can add text of any size, rotation or color
and place it anywhere on the screen.

The ILLUSTRATOR is easy to use because
what you see is what you get. You communicate to
it through elementary graphical means, not in any
obscure computer language. Using the Graphics
Tablet makes it that much simpler. It also works with
the game paddles.

BubbleSoft is adding a new dimension to per-
sonal computers. The ILLUSTRATOR is more than
just a program, it is a complete graphics processor,
doing for graphics what word processors do for text.

So if you need to do graphics on the Apple the
ILLUSTRATOR is ready to assist you.

For information or to order, (Price $150):

BubbleSoft

3 Mohawk Dr.,

Westboro, Mass. 01581.

617-366-9734.

Required: 48k Apple, Applesoft ROM, Disk Drive,
Graphics Tablet or game paddles.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Graphics tablet is a registered trademark of Apple
Computer, Inc.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 19

CP/M

CP/M ON YOUR APPLE II
—ANOTHER BEGINNING

by Gene Wilson

Let us begin with a short discus-
sion (one sided) on why an Apple II
owner would go and pay $350 for a
‘Z-80 Softcard’. After all, the Apple
III has been promised for a long
time, and some of these units are ac-
tually in the stores.

The Apple III is a completely new
machine, with preliminary manuals
(the old timers remember “prelimi-
nary manuals” . . . Pascal is a good
example. . .the “infamous Red
book” . . . Applesoft I documenta-
tion . . . etc.). Of course, Apple Com-
puter, Inc. has a solution for this
problem; there are two classes avail-
able (if you have the required thou-
sand dollars for the two of them) that
will impart the necessary informa-
tion about the internals of the “///”.
(Pardon me if I pass, guys!)

The Apple II Emulation Mode
gives only two choices; Integer or
Applesoft. What happened to Pas-
cal? It isn’t offered (yet) on the “///”,
but until it is available, the serious
programmer is left at the mercy of
the Apple // /’ s untested (no field use
yet) business BASIC (with prelimi-
nary documentation), or required to
pop an extra thousand dollars for the
previously mentioned class — (No
thanks, again!).

Fortran? (Sorry to even mention
Apple Fortran here!)

1 must point out that Apple has a
reputation for getting things to-
gether, and in time the “// / ” will be a
fantastic machine. But today’s user
really only has VisiCalc running in 80
columns (which is incentive enough
for many business and management
applications). The fine manuals will
come, and programmers will provide
their wares, eventually. The point I’m
making here is that the “///” is not a
“better ‘II’.” It is an entirely new ma-
chine. Sales are targeted for an en-
tirely new segment of the market-

place. The “II” will continue to be
sold in greater and greater numbers,
and the benefit of large numbers of
programmers providing software
will continue to keep the “II” in its
current limelight for some time to
come.

The Z-80 Softcard, by Microsoft,
offers a wealth of new programming
experiences for Apple 1 1 owners.
The $350 package is much more
than another ‘plug-in’ peripheral.

The card itself is well built, and has
a ninety day product warranty which
covers repair or replacement of de-
fective components. After this
period, any required repairs will be
charged for at a flat fee of $39.50
(which does not cover damage due to
negligence, misuse, etc.). The card
even sports a red ‘in-use’ light.

The Operating System is CP/M, an
industry standard, by Digital Re-
search. Digital Research has an inter-
esting Software License Agreement
(on all of their products), which YOG
agree to by opening the package.
You have certain rights granted,
which include operating on ONE
computer system, keeping up to
FIVE copies of program at one time
and to keep appropriate records of
the number and location of all such
copies of licensed programs. (A
growing number of users would like
to see the multi-paged legal agree-
ments shortened to “On my Honor I
promise not to give this program to
anyone else, ever!” (I’ll probably get
nasty letters from some attorneys’
protective association but it’s time to
cut the nonsense.)

So what’s included in the CP/M
(Control Program for Microproces-
sors) system? How does it work?

CP/M includes built-in commands
ERAse, DIRectory, REName, SAVE,
TYPE (to display ASCII source files),

etc. Transient commands include
STAT (status and control of disk
files, users, peripherals, etc.)
ASseMbler (8080), LOAD (to convert
.HEX output from the Assemble into
a machine executable .COM file).
DDT (the Dynamic Debugging Tool),
allows some very sophisticated inter-
action with Assembler files; included
are commands to enter assembly
language mnenomics with oper-
ands, display memory in HEX and
ASCII, set optional breakpoints, sub-
stitute memory values, trace pro-
gram or examine and optionally alter
the CPG state . . . ), PIP (Peripheral
Interchange Program) to load, print,
copy and/or combine disk files, ED
(Editor, used to create and edit CP/M
text files), SUBMIT (Automatic pro-
cessing — much like EXEC files), and
DUMP (to display contents of a disk
file in HEXadecimal form to screen).

Two diskettes are included, one in
13 sector format, the other for 16
sectors. Programs include APDOS(a
utility for transferring text and binary
files from Apple DOS disks to CP/M
disks), CONFIGIO (utility to con-
figure I/O for an external terminal,
redefine keyboard characters, load
user I/O software, and to read and
write to the I/O Configuration Block),
COPY, DOWNLOAD (to enable the
user to transfer CP/M files from
another CP/M machine to the Ap-
ple — Also needs UPLOAD on other
system, which is listed in documen-
tation, but not included on disk),
FORMAT (to ‘INIT’ a fresh disk),
MBASIC (disk based basic with Lo-
Res graphics, sound, and game con-
trols), XSUB (for use with SUBMIT to
give character input from a disk file
during program execution).

The 16 sector diskette also in-
cludes CPM56 (to take advantage of
‘Language Card memory), GBASIC
(MBASIC with Hi-Res graphics in-

PAGE 20

eluded), RW13 (to ‘Muffin’ files be-
tween 13 and 16 sector worlds).

Microsoft BASIC-80 Version 5.0,
in its fifth major release, includes
PRINT USING, CALL (a Z-80 or 6502
assembly language subroutine),
CHAIN (to call a program and pass
variables to it from the current pro-
gram), WHILE/WEND (execute a
series of statements in a loop as long
as a given condition is true), im-
proved disk I/O (built-in commands;
no more Ctrl D’), EDIT (very compre-
hensive editing features during pro-
gram input), IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE,
data types (including single and dou-
ble precision variables — 1 6 digit pre-
cision, hexadecimal and octal con-
stants), BEEP (tone of specified pitch
and duration), WIDTH (screen or
printer width and height), GET (to
read a record from a random disk file
into a random buffer), PUT (to write a
record from a random buffer to a ran-
dom disk file), FIELD (to allocate
space for variables in a random file
buffer), AUTO (to generate line
machines starting at a given point,
with a given increment).

Two manuals are included. Both
are comprehensive hardware and
language reference guides.

(Two books that I’ve found helpful
in working with this system are: The
CP/M Handbook, with MP/M by
Rodney Zaks, Sybex Inc., 1980, and
USING CP/M, A Self Teaching
Guide by Judi N. Fernandez and
Ruth Ashley, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1980. Both are available from
ComputerLand stores.)

Other available (but not included)
nuggets include: FORTRAN-80,
under the CP/M umbrella, with 13
sector and 16 sector diskettes. Pro-
grams include F80.COM (the FOR-
TRAN-80 Compiler), L80.COM
(LINK-80 Linking Loader),
FORLIB.REL (FORTRAN-80 Run-
time Library), PI.FOR (A demonstra-
tion program in FORTRAN), RANT-
ST.FOR(A FORTRAN test program),
plus Source files and FORTRAN-80
Runtime I/O. The documentation/
manual is a comprehensive lan-
guage reference and user’s guide (of
very high quality).

An advantage of Fortran-80 over
the Apple Fortran is that source is
compiled to Z-80 code. This causes a
very fast run-time program, with sim-
ple DO loops RUNning up to 20
times faster than the Apple Fortran
version. (It must be noted that Apple
Fortran stores code very efficiently,

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

but the run-time speeds just can’t be
achieved using the ‘Pascal inter-
preter’.)

COBOL-80 is also available, but
is very expensive. (It does run on an
Apple II ‘mainframe’, and emulates
a ‘large machine’ environment.)

The Z-80 Softcard works very
nicely with the 80 column boards.
The M & R Sup’R’Term binds auto-
matically, with no modifications or
changes to be made, and any board
set up to bind with Apple’s Pascal
system seems to work well (my
experience is with the M & R board,
but it’s likely that the other 80 col-
umn boards work well, too!).

Later offerings include:

A BASIC-80 Compiler, release
date in April, 1981, which will con-
vert ‘debugged’ BASIC programs
that have been run and tested in the

‘interpreter’ environment. A Z-80
code file will be produced. An aver-
age increase in speed of from 3 to 1 0
times has been achieved with this
compiler on other systems, and
maximizing use of Integer opera-
tions can make execution speeds 30
times faster than the interpreted ver-
sion of disk BASIC.

Microsoft Assembly Language
Development System, release date
April, 1981. This will be a Z-80 and/or
6502 symbolic assembler, with full
debugging tools included.

We note with great interest that
CP/M Special Interest Groups are be-
ing formed within many IAC mem-
ber Clubs, and that CP/M software is
being made available for Z-80 Soft-
card-equipped Apples. In future is-
sues of the Apple Orchard, we’ll
keep you informed about develop-
ments. ^

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PAGE 22

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

THE PROBLEM OF COPIES

by Peter C. Weiglin

“Hey, look, if I can save a few
bucks in these inflationary times, I’m
ahead of the game, right? Besides,
the software companies are making
a bundle anyway.”

The words were spoken in Califor-
nia in 1981, but the sentiment is
widespread. Let’s face it. If an item of
software costs $29.95, and a blank
disk costs about $3.00, that means
$26.95 is the value of the magnetic
patterns on the disk, and the intan-
gible concepts which they represent.
And if people can save a buck, they’ll
save a buck. The question is how far
they’ll go to save it.

Hey, Waidaminit! You’re tellin’ me
that I just paid more than a hundred
bucks for this program, and I can’t
back up the program? Only one
copy? If the disk goes kaflooey, the
manufacturer will sell me another
copy? Real kind of them!”

This second individual was mov-
ing from the games/personal realm
to the business computing area, and
was living in fear that something im-
portant could go down the drain in
the middle of the night, a very real
loss in the business context. Poor
guy was just trying to obey the First
Law of Computer Sanity: Back Up
Thine Stuff!

And so we have the problem of
copies — unauthorized copies — be-
ing made, of software of all kinds,
some of it being passed on to people
who did not purchase it. Quiteplainly
and simply, this “passing on” of ma-
terial is theft; stealing; larceny, petty
or grand. It is theft not only from the

software houses (who smile ruefully
and wish that they were doing as well
as the thieves think they are), but also
from the programmers who did the
work of writing and debugging the
software.

The copyright laws are of dubious
help, but even the print copyright
laws allow copying for the private use
of the purchaser. The violation oc-
curs with distribution to others, par-
ticularly for profit. And on this there
seems to be total agreement:

THE BIRDS WHO COPY AND
SELL BOOTLEG SOFTWARE
SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED AND
PUNISHED AS THE CRIMINALS
THEY ARE.

And the purchasers of such soft-
ware should be warned of their possi-
ble status as accessories to a crime.

To our knowledge, none of the I AC
member Clubs encourage or con-
done this type of theft; if you know of
any that do, let us know and the IAC
will take action. The IAC doesn’t
want them, and will help to stamp out
this kind of crime. But the Clubs have
no enforcement powers over indi-
viduals, members or not.

Leaving aside the “commercial”
thieves, akin to the pirates of phono-
graph records and tapes, we’re still
faced with the “non-professionals”.
To deny the existence of an “under-
ground” current of commercial soft-
ware duplicates would be foolish.
Like speakeasies during Prohibition,
or use of marijuana, software trading
goes on, is enjoyed by many, and
isn’t thought of as a “real” law-
breaking activity. These appear to be
mostly informal exchanges among
friends, not cash transactions.

But what’s new? Anyone who has
spent some time in a business or
government organization — or a uni-
versity — knows that Xerocopies of
all kinds of published documents are
made and distributed among col-
leagues with widespread and total
disregard for print copyright laws.
Newsletters, magazine articles, book
excerpts, even sheet music, are all
circulated widely. It’s particularly
ironic that government employees
and educators are large-scale viola-
tors, many of them justifying these
violations on the irrelevant ground
that their agencies are non-profit. In
that kind of climate, it’s not surpris-
ing that similar copying of computer
programs is done with no thought
given to property rights.

Attempts at copyright enforce-
ment through legal channels
founder on judicial rocks. What now
exists is a legal tangle of confusion
about whether software is copyright-
able, under what circumstances, by
whom, etc. A significant body of
opinion holds that there is in fact no
copyright law now covering compu-
ter software. And the law at most
gives you the right to sue; it does not
impose an automatic penalty on the
malefactor. Until, and most likely
after, Congress acts on this matter,
the process is likely to be straight out
of Dickens: members of the legal
profession will be the primary bene-
ficiaries.

Some software manufacturers do
not sell, but only license, the con-
cepts embodied in those magnetic
currents. This improves the theore-
tical legal “grasp” of the manufac-
turer on anyone who might make an
unauthorized copy. While it may
make sense for large-scale systems,
for the $29.95 game, it’s a futile ges-
ture. Further, a manufacturer who is

SOMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 23

menacingly retentive, however just
his cause, may find to his dismay that
sales are down (“I don’t want to
bother with that outfit”), and/or that
copying his stuff is even more “fun”.

With legal solutions problematical
at best, many producers have re-
sorted to a technical line of defense;
the scrambling of key bits to make a
disk uncopyable. There are only two
problems with this approach:

(1) It doesn’t work; and

(2) It penalizes the legitimate pur-
chaser.

“Our protection system is un-
crackable.” The statement was
made, confidently, by a company ex-
ecutive, with all the smugness born
of Stock Market Paper Millionaire-
hood. Trouble is, he was wrong. His
company’s codes had been cracked,
and duplicates were out there. The
cracker was a knowledgable pro-
grammer; it had taken him 15 min-
utes. Oh. . .the cracksman was 14
years old. T urns out that a sub-hobby
in the computer world, particularly
among the young, who have the
time, is the cracking of such codes.
It’s done not so much for profit, but in
response to the challenge presented
by the allegedly impregnable disk.
So the codes get more complicated;
some take up to 45 minutes to crack.

And not too long ago, a great hue
and cry was raised because a small
company did the obvious thing; they
marketed a disk that copies other
disks, even most “uncopyable” ones.
It does this trick by reading and copy-
ing each blip on the disk, regardless
of format; hence the name “nibble
copier”. Well, you’d have thought
from the agony and anguished wails
of the software folks that Iran had just
exploded a nuclear device in Berke-
ley. “An outrage! The Antichrist!
We’ll SUE!!”

Sure, fellas. But didja notice that
the outrage seemed to be directed
not at the fact that the nibble copier
existed, but that it was being made
generally available, and no longer
the province of a technically elite
small group. Horrors! (The analogy
to nuclear proliferation should not be
lost on students of history.)

No problem; we’ll modify our
disks so those things can’t copy ’em.

Right. So look for new versions of the
nibblers. What has ensued is a ludi-
crous escalation of measures and
countermeasures reminiscent of the
Mad Magazine “Spy vs. Spy” car-
toons:

(“Well, Smedley, Copyall Version
2.5.4 has cracked our ZBX Data Base
Version 3.0. 1 .4A! It’s time for strong
measures this week: ZBX Version
3.0. 1 .5, which causes the disk to run
backwards. And if that doesn’t do it,
then Version 3. 0.1. 6 will have a flat
vial of sulphuric acid cunningly con-
cealed in the . . . ”)

Baloney, all of it. The blunt reality
of “uncopyability”, as the Japanese
Imperial Staff found out (too late) in
the 1940’s, is that no code is un-
crackable. People (many of them
teenagers) do exist who will apply the
knowledge and time to break any
code. The best that can be hoped for
is that the process is slowed down,
not eliminated.

The irony, of course, is that so
many people suffer because of a rela-
tive few “traders”; they have a disk
that can’t be backed up, the software
houses’ costs increase, and you-
know-who pays for it all. The “un-
copyable” disk, like a handgun law,
penalizes only the law-abiding. The
purchaser of such merchandise will
live in fear that his sole disk will head
lunchward because of some chance
electronic hiccup, leaving him with a
worthless vinyl plate and a large
headache. The inability to make a
backup copy violates the First Rule
of information storage.

Two specifics come to mind. First,
the $150 program, whose manufac-
turer recently has magnanimously
allowed registered owners to pur-
chase backup copies for a mere $30.
Well, $30 is still a 1,000 per cent
markup over the disk cost, folks.
And the programmer’s royalty is re-
duced if not eliminated, so he’s not
getting much help. And whom are
we kidding anyway? That program
has long since been “liberated”.

Second, the financial record pro-
gram, about $70. It works great, until
you come to the new year and find
that you can’t create a storage disk
for last year’s activity, because the
disk is “uncopyable”. (Oh. . .that
one’s been cracked too, it is said.)

Let’s forget about law and moral-
ity, inasmuch as neither is likely to be

an effective solution. We turn instead
to more serviceable aids, psychology
and economics. Some people will
cheat, and technically there is no
way of stopping them. The number
of cheaters can be reduced, however,
and the number of total purchasers
increased, by lessening the per-
ceived difference in gain between
legitimate purchase and midnight
acquisition. The thesis is that the
likelihood of unauthorized duplica-
tion increases with price. More than
that, it increases as the gap between
perceived value and the price in-
creases. (“At $49.95, it’s a rip-off, so
we played around with it, and . . . ”)
Yes, the prices would be lower, but
the sales volumes would be greater.

So where are we?

(1) The person who pirates soft-
ware for profit should be
drawn and quartered. That in-
cludes the stores who “throw
in” a couple of “extras” to
sweeten an equipment sale.

(2) The ability to make backup
disks should not be denied to
the legitimate purchaser.

(3) A simple way to reduce the un-
easy feelings of a legitimate
purchaser about lack of
backup for an “uncopyable”
disk is to furnish two copies of
the disk. Not necessarily for
the $9.95 game, but definitely

(continued on page 24)

PAGE 24

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

The International Apple Core thanks the following
manufacturers for their generous donations of door
prizes for the 1981 Annual Meeting.

APPLE COMPUTER, INC. 10260 Bandley Drive, Cupertino, CA 95014

DATA — SOFT, INC. 16606 Schoenborn St., Sepulveda, CA 91343

INFORMATION UNLIMITED SOFTWARE 281 Arlington Ave., Berkeley, CA 94707

LAZER MICRO-SYSTEMS P.O. Box 55518, Riverside, CA 92517

MICRO-LAB 3218 Skokie Valley Rd., Highland Pk., IL 60035

MICROSOFT CONSUMER PRODUCTS 400 108th Ave. NE, Bellevue, WA 98004

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER, INC. 300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060

M & R ENTERPRISES P.O. Box 6101 1, Sunnyvale, CA 94088

NOVATION, INC. 18664 Oxnard St., Tarzana, CA 91356

PROGRAMMA INTERNATIONAL 2908 N. Naomi St., Burbank, CA 91504

R. H. ELECTRONICS 3125 19th St., Suite 173, Bakersfield, CA 93301

SSM MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS 2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose CA 95131

STONEWARE MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS 50 Belvedere St., San Rafael, CA 95131

THUNDERWARE, INC. P.O. Box 13322, Oakland, CA 9461 1

VERBATIM CORPORATION 323 Soquel Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

VIDEX, INC. 897 N.W. Grant Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330

VISTA COMPUTER CO. 1317 E. Edinger Ave., Santa Ana, CA 92705

(continued from page 23)

for the $50 and up package.
And not for $30 extra, either.
(Note: our Product Reviews
will look at this.)

(4) The smart software producer
will price his products so that
the “price/value gap” is small
enough to make participation
in duplication schemes not
worth while.

(5) And you should think twice
before obtaining software
through unauthorized chan-
nels; programmers will be less
inclined to market their prod-
ucts widely if they get ripped
off. We will all lose if that
happens.

One more thing: Recruiters for the
CIA and the National Security
Agency should encourage a certain
group of 14-year-olds to become in-
terested in cracking the military and
diplomatic codes of our enemies.
(Thank God those kids are on our
side.)

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 25

SOFTWARE PROTECTION

By Neil D. Upson

At this time there must be over 100 software publishers
that produce software for the Apple. Some of the larger
publishers have gone to some lengths to make the soft-
ware uncopyable and in addition, put serial numbers in
numerous places in the program.

There are a few methods to make a disk uncopyable.
Before I discuss these methods, I will not give out enough
information for someone to break an “uncopyable” disk,
but will go over the general techniques that can be used.
The most common technique is to re-write DOS. This is no
easy task, and some publishers have done an excellent job
in doing just this. Tracks 0, 1, 2 have the actual DOS, and
track 17 has the directory. By juggling these around, and
deleting certain portions of the DOS and/or directory, the
standard read/write copy programs will not operate.

However, most manufacturers do not entirely depend
on this feature to prevent bootlegging. They rely on serial
numbering for the most part to decide if a program has
been stolen. Serial numbers can come in many shapes and
sizes. Obviously, I could not give you all the methods even
if I wanted, as to produce a serial number on a program can
vary from being a straight number to a “coded” number. A
publisher could put the serial number on the header of the
program, or encode it as a “formula” inside the program.
They may, and usually do put a few serial numbers scat-
tered throughout the program and disk itself. Therefore, if
you think you have removed the serial number from the
program, you probably missed a few hidden in other
places. Even a top notch programmer would have extreme
difficulty in removing all the serial numbers. All that has to
remain is one serial number, and you can be sued.

Where can serial numbers be? They could be given
clearly in the program or hidden in an equation. Even the
way the program is numbered can be a serial number.
This, by the way, is not difficult to do, and some publishers
actually use this technique among others. If the program is
in machine language, chances are you will never find the
serial number. BASIC programs as well can be loaded with
them, and even listing the program will not show all of
them. To remove a serial number from this type of pro-
gram, you would have to take the program apart piece by
piece, and rewrite it. Of course, it is far easier to just write a
new program than to go to all this trouble.

Unfortunately, some clubs have in their standard library
programs from many of the big publishers. They are flirt-

ing with a law suit. Most software manufacturers expect a
person to possibly at most give a copy to a friend, but that
is where it should stop. Some expect you to give it to NO
ONE. Most programmers spend a great deal of time per-
fecting their programs, expect some compensation for
their work. A lot, unfortunately, have their programs
stolen, and lose everything. It is up to us, the end user, to
make sure if we want to continue to get the high quality
software that we are used to, we must pay for the work that
went into it. For example, it took John Draper at least a
year and a half to write Easywriter (I know, I met John when
he first started writing it back in the winter of 1978).

The moral is, if you want high quality software, you must
pay, and if you don’t pay, you will in the long run.

—APPLE PASCAL"

I A HANDS-ON APPROACH !

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SAVE MONEY:

Remit with order
and we pay all ship-
ping and handling
costs. Full return
privileges still apply.

Please send me the books checked for 15 days’
free examination. At the end of that time I will
pay for the books I keep, plus local tax, postage
and handling, and return any unwanted books
postpaid.

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62-U444-1681-3

PAGE 26

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

FOR PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMERS:
A VOICE IN THE INDUSTRY

by Scot Kami ns

This article is for programmers
and writers who make their livings
creating microcomputer software.
It will be best understood by people
who have been following the indus-
try over the past four years, but it af-
fects everyone.

It concerns AISA — the Alliance
of Independent Software Authors,
recently organized by Bruce
Tognazzini and myself — and why
you should join it.

First, a little fable . . .

PIRACY AND THE
CANDY-COATED
COMPUTER XEROX MACHINE

Summer, 1978.

“Will you look at that!”, beamed
the slightly-balding Programmer,
staring at the TV screen.

“I know,” excited back his com-
panion, twiddling the small plastic
box with the knob in the middle. His
eyes continued fixed on the sputter-
ing display as he babbled. “Man, I
had no idea this kind of animation
was even possible on a micro. And
the speed!”

The crosshairs zipped across two-
dimensional space to land squarely
atop the Xritan vessel. And with a
FLASH and smithereens-of-color the
alien was PDL(0)-buttoned into
hyperspace.

“It’s fantastic, all right,” agreed
The Programmer. “Where’d you buy
it?”

“Phil bought it in a computer store
in Los Angeles for fifteen bucks and
change. I copied the tape at his place
last night. Why don’t you get your re-
corder and ...”

Flash.

Winter, 1979.

“People with computer stores
should have more imagination,”
thought The Programmer a bit
grumpily, tired from his long plane
trip and annoyed with having to wait
for the salesman.

“Oh well,” he reasoned, a bit more
charitably. “Boston’s a pretty conser-
vative town, and I guess they figure ‘a
Business should look like a
Business’. I guess. . . ”

The thought disappeared. The
small salesman in the tweed sports
jacket (the only salesman in the
store, and My God, does everybody
in Boston wear tweed?!) was hyping a
business system. His customer was
showing obvious concern over what
the computer could really do to save
him money. After all, there weren’t
that many good business programs
around.

. . . But the small salesman in the
tweed jacket would throw in a copy of
“one of the greatest data bases
around — retails for nearly one hun-
dred dollars.”

Oh. Well. That would certainly be
considered by the customer. And
No, he wouldn’t mind if the instruc-

tion manual for the program were
photocopied. Buy why. . .Oh. The
little tweed salesman had an
AGREEMENT with the people who
wrote the program. He could make
all the copies he wanted. My! Wasn’t
that wonderful, mused the customer!

“What agreement?”, mused The
Programmer to himself.

Flash.

* Hs * *

Spring, 1980.

An OK party, as computer freak
parties go. The conversations were a
bit stilted, the only acceptable — and
common — topic being computers.
But it was the weekend of the (Fifth)
Computer Faire, realized The Pro-
grammer, and it was San Fran-
cisco. . .

There were five computers
hooked to as many color monitors,
lined up like digital lifeguards
around the precarious Hot Tub
(“good grief — if anybody splashes,
we’ll all fry!”) and programs were be-
ing shown for egos and traded for
prestige. Someone offered The Pro-
grammer “the hottest utility pub-
lished”. Proferred like a bourbon and
soda.

“No, thanks,” replied The Pro-
grammer.

“Oh, it’s OK,” reassured The Hos-
tess as she expertly booted the disk
and ran a listing. “See? No copyright!
Besides, I know the Author ...”

She didn’t really know the author.
And even though the copyright no-
tice wasn’t there any more, it was
copyrighted nonetheless. It had been
copyrighted that very February, right

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 27

after The Programmer had finished
the third and final draft.

Being naturally squeamish about
such things, he didn’t want to cause a
fuss.

Flash.

Summer, 1981.

The Programmer was confused.
He genuinely believed something
was wrong.

The Programmer had paid The
Heavy a fair amount of money for the
protection scheme. And within three
months. The Heavy published a pro-
gram that would defeat any protec-
tion scheme on the market, includ-
ing those The Heavy had marketed in
the past.

“A far more advanced product,”
argued The Heavy.

But it still didn’t seem right to The
Programmer.

But wasn’t The Heavy offering a
new kind of protection, one that even
HIS product couldn’t break? And at a
good price!

“Well, I don’t know,” doubted The
Programmer. “I just don’t know ...”

Flash.

So much for fables. Now, about
that organization you should join...

The Alliance of Independent Soft-
ware Authors (AISA) is an associa-
tion of programmers whose aims are
to ensure the professional well-being
of its members and to contribute to
the maturation of the microcompu-
ter industry. To achieve these aims,
AISA will:

(1) Advocate that the program-
mer receive the economic and
social rewards of his/her
labors.

(2) Work toward the elimination
of software “piracy”. Promote
human-engineered software
design and user documenta-
tion standards.

(3) Develop positive relationships
between independent pro-
grammers and software pub-
lishers.

(4) Act as an educational re-
source for its members in both
software design and indepen-
dent entrepreneurship.

(5) Maintain a central resource for
information of interest to its
members.

(6) Take public stands on issues
of interest to its members in
accordance with its primary
aims.

AISA will carry out aggressive
communications. We will:

(1) Publish a NEWSLETTER in
both hard copy and electronic
form.

(2) Maintain membership in vari-
ous public nets including
TELENET and the SOURCE.

(3) Make use of computer Bulle-
tin Boards.

(4) Organize members MEET-
INGS and WORKING COM-
MITTEES on a local level.

(5) Make use of the various micro-
computer JOURNALS and
MAGAZINES to inform the
computing public of our goals
and accomplishments.

(6) Institute a Speakers’ Bureau to
take part in seminars at vari-
ous computer conferences
and trade shows.

AISA is composed of voting and
associate members.

1. VOTING MEMBERS— people
with a primary financial interest
in software development who re-
ceive at least partial payment for
their work through royalties.

a. Independent (non-employee)
programmers who market
their products through soft-
ware and/or firmware pub-
lishers.

b. Independent (non-employee)
software book and manual
writers who market their prod-
ucts through publishers.

2. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS— other
people whose income is in a ma-
jor way dependent upon the
growth of the microcomputer
software industry (such as writers
and programmers who are em-
ployees of software development
firms).

If you are interested in joining
AISA, or if you want to know more,
send a self-addressed, stamped,
envelope to the co(n)founders:

Scot Kamins
Bruce Tognazzini
4262 24th Street
San Francisco, CA 941 14

Maybe you have your own fable to
tell.

Scot Kamins has been work-
ing with the Apple since that
computer’s early days. He has
sold the Apple retail, has pub-
lished several successful Apple
software products, and has writ-
ten numerous articles about the
Apple and interactive program-
ming. He is the Founder of the
San Francisco Apple Core (now
more than 1600 strong).

Scot has taught courses in
both Communications (in which
he holds a Ph.D.) and computer
science in Massachusetts and
California. His published pro-
grams include CALIFORNIA
DRIVERS’ TEST, ARISTOTLE’S
APPLE, and the widely-used
training tool, THE LEARNING
SYSTEM. He makes his home in
San Francisco, where he is a
consultant on interactive pro-
gramming with Humans Unlim-
ited, Inc.

WHAT PROBLEMS DO I HAVE
TAKING MY APPLE
OVERSEAS? CAN I CONVERT
IT?

Conversion of an American
(NTSC) Apple to European (PAL
or SECAM) television standards
is not recommended. There are
several circuit modifications in-
volved. It is much better to buy
the type that you will need in the
first place. An American Apple
can be used in Europe with suit-
able voltage correction equip-
ment and an NTSC television.
The Apple will work as well with
50Hz as 60 Hz.

PAGE 28

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

COUT AND PRINTED OR DISPLAYED OUTPUT

by D. Buchler

from Mini’-Apples

As evidenced by several questions
recently submitted to me, many Ap-
ple Users are unfamiliar with the way
in which the system uses the COUT
vector locations $36 and $37. These
two locations are fundamental to the
way in which a printer driver is inter-
faced to BASIC; and upper/lower
case display is tied into the system;
the Hayes software ties into the sys-
tem; or DOS connects/disconnects.

Assuming that DOS or those other
goodies are not in use, and assuming
also that you are not using some non-
standard I/O scheme, like that em-
ployed by XPLO, then $36 and $37
will contain the address $FDFO. If
you look at your Apple manual, you
will see that $FDFO is labelled
COUT1. COUT1 is the entry point in
the monitor to display on the CRT a
single character. That character will
be displayed at the current cursor
position as determined by CH and
CV. CH ($24) is the horizontal cursor
position in the range 0 to 39. CV
($25) is the vertical cursor position in
the range 0 to 23. After COUT1 has
received the character and displayed
it, CH and CV will be updated accord-
ingly. BASIC, DOS, etc., when they
are ready to do an output (this in-
cludes PRINT statements, TRACEs,
LISTs, MONITOR outputs such as
memory dumps and disassembler
printouts, and DOS PRINT D$ when
MON C, I OR O is in effect) will trans-
fer control to the monitor location
COUT1 with a JMP COUT. Again,
referring to the red manual on page
86, you will see that COUT contains a
JMP (0036), which means make an
indirect Jump to $36, or in other

words, transfer control to the address
contained at $36 and $37. When $36
and $37 contain $FDFO, control
passes to the Monitor and the char-
acter is output. Note: this happens
once for each character being
printed. (In the 6502 everything is
done one character at a time).

When a print driver is incorporated
into the system, we will normally re-
quire that the driver output a char-
acter to its device, then give control
to the Monitor so it can display the
character. This is accomplished as
follows:

Store in $36 and $37 the starting
address of the driver. This can be
done by POKEing to 54 ($36) and 55
($37) from the BASIC program, the
driver start location. Code the driver
to do its thing, and exit from the
driver to $FDFO.

If you issue a PRINT command
from inside a program while running
under DOS, DOS itself must deter-
mine if there is a Ctl D in the output.
Therefore, the address in $36 and
$37 is a pointer to the DOS software
which checks for the Ctl D and per-
forms the disk I/O. This same soft-
ware will eventually return control to
the BASIC program issuing the
PRINT command, or if MON C,I,0 is
in effect, will JMP $FDFO, and the
output appears on the screen also!
The particular problem to be over-
come is how to couple to a printer
driver or other special display rou-
tine, because we already have a
pointer to DOS in $36 and $37. DOS
has overcome this problem with
some special Software, as follows:

The address of the driver or special
display routine is placed in $36 and
$37. Then (in DOS 3.2) a CALL 1002
is executed from the BASIC pro-
gram. ‘CALL 1002; causes DOS to
pick up the contents of $36 and $37
and save them in its own equivalent
vector location. The CALL 1002 also
replaces the contents of $36 and $37
with the original pointer back to
itself. Then after DOS has done its
thing, it returns control to the ad-
dress saved by the CALL 1002 (This
would be $FDFO if CALL 1002 was
not executed). Thus we now have a
situation where 3 different pieces of
I/O processing takes place, namely:
DOS looking for Ctl D and doing disk
I/O if required, a special driver doing
its output, and the Monitor dis-
playing the character on the screen.

For those of you who have ROM or
EPROM based driver software such
as that which comes on the APPLE
serial interface card, or with the
HAYES modem, you will be doing a
PR# n. For example, if your board is
in slot 4, and you do a PR # 4, what
BASIC does is to jump to $C400. The
ROM software then places a $C402
into $36 and $37, the 4 of the $C402
being the slot number. $C400 also
happens to be the address of the first
location of the ROM memory on the
board in slot 4. If the board was in slot
3, the address automaticlly is as-
signed to $C302, etc. The program in
the ROM will do its thing and then
transfer control to $FDFO (in most
cases). If you are running with DOS
3.2, you should follow the PR # n with
a CALL 1002 before any disk I/O is
performed, so that the CN02 is saved
by DOS as explained earlier.

Put Time and BSR/X-10 Control
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The THUNDERCLOCK PLUS is two peripheral systems on one card for your
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The THUNDERCLOCK clock/calendar makes accurate time and date
available to your programs: month, date, day-of-week, hour, minute, and
second, in any of four software selectable formats. On-board batteries keep
your THUNDERCLOCK running when your APPLE II is turned off -
for up to four years before battery replacement. On-card IK firmware
makes reading or setting the time easy from APPLESOFT or
INTEGER BASIC, PASCAL, or assembly language programs.

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software lets you create schedules to control lights, appliances, security systems, or almost any other electrical
device. The software includes: SCUTIL - the SCHEDULER utility that lets you make or change a schedule, and
SCHED - executes your schedules in real-time using the THUNDERCLOCK. SCHED runs in the 'background* so
you can run other programs in the 'foreground*. Our PASCAL software lets you use all the THUNDERCLOCK 'S
features and sets the filer date whenever you boot. The THUNDERCLOCK PLUS is a SYSTEM for your APPLE II.
Supported by intelligent, easy to use firmware, a powerful software package, and good documentation!

See your APPLE dealer.

Suggested retail prices:

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS $139

Clock/calendar card with batteries and user's
manual

X-10 INTERFACE OPTION $49

BSR X-10 Ultrasonic interface, disk with
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California residents add 6% sales tax

If your dealer doesn't carry the
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OR WRITE TO:

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Let the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS time/date
stamp your DOS files whenever you create or
modify them with our DOS-DATER software.

The THUNDERCLOCK PLUS will work in any
APPLE, including the APPLE III.

BSR X-10 is a trademark of BSR (USA) LTD.
APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC

PAGE 30

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

DOING IT RIGHT

A Treatise on Self-Incrimination

by Bob Hance

The subject herein undertaken is
at best controversial, and at worst
abhorrent to many Microcomputer
Hobbyists. The fact remains, how-
ever, that the Hobbyist is no longer
the main target of the industry. That
target is now the “Small Business-
man” who has both different needs
and a far less sophisticated approach
to the uses of computers, whatever
their size. This article is directed
toward those who wish to program
with this end user in mind.

The Microcomputer industry is
rapidly overtaking the so-called
"Mini-computer industry”. That
statement, by itself, is neither earth-
shaking nor particularly news-
worthy. What is both earth-shaking
and newsworthy is the manner in
which this is being accomplished.
The assault on the Minis is stumbling
forward in spite of some of the most
“Godawful” software and documen-
tation ever conceived in the minds of
would-be Micro programmers.

Applications programs are being
(you should pardon the expression)
“written” for micros and sold to the
unsuspecting end user. Most of these
programs would have earned an “F”
grade in a beginning BASIC class.
There are some examples of excel-
lent quality applications program-
ming to be had in the marketplace
but even some of these suffer from
poor quality documentation and
very restricted implementations of
the capabilities of the system for
which they were designed.

The “BIG” systems occupy their
gray-flannel position in the market-
place for two or three very basic rea-
sons. The obvious one is that they
were there first, and have built up a
certain amount of end-user sophisti-

cation and loyalty. The other two rea-
sons are less obvious and probably
far more important to those of us in-
terested in the future development of
the microcomputer as a business
tool.

1. Programs and/or systems used
on these machines are, gener-
ally, both well-designed and
well-documented so that the
end-user receives the expected
output from a given input.

Flow Charts, Screen/Page lay-
outs and Record Layouts are
done with each application in
order to facilitate future modi-
fication and the necessary
debugging routines.

. Thus do we come to the purpose of
this diatribe, which is to suggest that
there might be something to be
learned from the mole-like dedica-
tion of the “BIG-SYSTEM” program-
mers upon whom a few of us look
down with almost Olympian con-
tempt. It just could be that by giving
credence to those “classroom” prin-
ciples we would deflate a lot of the
self-proclaimed validity we have
given to our own “free-form” efforts.

There are many ways to accom-
plish a given task, only a few of which
can be considered to be the “right”
way. One of those which this writer
considers to be “a” right way is this:

1. Buy yourself a book on pro-
gramming techniques, a pro-
grammer’s template and a
forms design rule. Learn what
the symbols mean and how to
use them in a flow-charted
design.

2. Flow chart your program/sys-
tem on paper so that opera-
tional inconsistencies and po-

tential problem areas can be
noted and/or changed before
coding. Remember, there are
only a few genuine geniuses
out there; the rest of us have to
depend on references.

3. Lay out the various screens/
pages on graph paper so that
you and anyone who follows
you can understand what
should be on that screen and
where it should be placed.
Then when the cursor does its
disappearing act you just
might be able to locate it.

4. Take another piece of graph
paper and lay out the records
to be created and written to. It
does help the computer to per-
form a task if it can be told what
to do and where in h— to do it.
Very few programs are capable
of writing themselves and you,
the programmer, may die,
retire, or just decide to give it
up. REM statements are nice,
but they take up valuable
space in memory, and disap-
pear completely if a program is
compiled and only OP code is
left on the system. Higher level
languages are still not plain
English; your thought pro-
cesses may not be as apparent
to the programmer who has to
debug your work at some later
date. Only a real Swami can
read your mind. (Oh, you need
convincing? Well, go back to a
program you haven’t looked at
for about six months and see
whether it doesn’t take a few
minutes to find your own train
of thought).

5. If your program passes data
from one program to another,
then keep the global com-

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 31

mands together in the code. If this requires restruc-
turing (HORRORS!) then so be it!!

6. Learn more than one programming language. The
methodology of an additional language can only
help your perspective when programming in the lan-
guage of your choice. Learning structured languages
has a tendency to tame the “barnyard” instincts of
some BASIC programmers and helps us to under-
stand the problems of the “BIG SYSTEM GUYS”. It
might also earn you some money.

If you are going to write for the commercial or business
marketplace, which is just chock full of lawyers and other
types who have nothing better to do than to sue you at the
drop of a semicolon, it will serve you well to take the sub-
stance of this article to heart and learn the lessons repre-
sented here. If you do your job well and write well-con-
ceived, carefully executed (and documented) programs,
you will probably become very rich and famous. This is a
fledgling industry struggling very hard to find or make a
place for itself in the marketplace. WE MEED GOOD
SOFTWARE, and it MUST BE USER-FRIEMDLY. What-
ever method of documentation you use, printed matter or
self-documentation, you need a full set of system refer-
ence documents to back that up for future users.

In other words, “DO IT RIGHT!!”

QJTLj

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' O

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$30 screen versions are for Apple lit with Applesoft,
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DISK COMMAND EDITOR

Rename DOS Commands: Instant shorter commands for “CATALOG”, etc. Change
Apple’s “DISK VOLUME - Heading to your personal title, with or without Vol. No.
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(714) 296-6400, Dealer Inquiries Welcome!

PAGE 32

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

APPLE /// USERS,
UNITE. . .

By Jim Linhart

There’s a new (large) kid on the
block; the Apple /// (THREE), and 1
bought one. Traded a perfectly good
Apple II for it. There aren’t many of us
who own Apple Ilfs yet, but our num-
bers are growing.

As I look at mine, memories come
flooding back. . .

— in the two years I’ve been a
member of the San Francisco
Apple Core the club has grown
(groan) threefold, making our
membership chairmen rise to
new heights of heroic endeavor.

— we used to have our monthly
meetings in the back of a small
neighborhood savings and
loan, outgrew that, and now
meet in a former barracks at
Fort Mason in San Francisco; it
look like we’re on the verge of
outgrowing that too (maybe
Candlestick Park next . . . the
Giants don’t seem to fill the
place lately . . . )

No doubt that kind of rapid growth
has happened to clubs all around the
country as the number of Apple
owners doubles and redoubles. Look
how far we’ve come: if memory
serves, in May 1979 there was no
VisiCalc, no 80-column board, no
Pascal, no Z-80 card, and 48K was
the limit of memory. I remember the
feeble interest in the TOM — Tape-of-
the-Month.

The newest interest group in the
SFAC is the Apple III group; seven of
us so far, exchanging information,
rumors, and dreams; things we’d like
to see developed for our Ill's.
Frankly, I have a vague feeling that
I’ve been here before, and it’s even
more exciting than two years ago!

So let’s have a confederation of
Apple III users and Interest Groups (I
think there are more than seven Ill's
out there). We could form a nation-
wide pool of knowledge as we all
learn about our machines. This con-
federation could have an additional
function; to speak with a co-
ordinated voice about the aspira-
tions we have as Apple III owners.
Let’s see, there’s software, peripher-
als (maybe a real clock?), languages,
applications. . .

Gee! Here we get to go pioneering
again!

Sounds like a great idea, Jim, and
I want to thank you for volunteering
to head up the co-ordinating effort.
(Of course he volunteered, didn’t
he, folks?) Write to,

Apple III Group
APPLE ORCHARD
P.O. Box 976
Daly City, CA 94017

And on the next page, a contribu-
tion from Northern Illinois . . .

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 33

APPLE ///DABBLING

By Rick Smith

From The Harvest

Several days ago, a friend of mine
called and told me to try something
unusual on the Apple III that I had. He
asked me to press the (CONTROL)
key, the (“Open Apple”) key and the
(RESET) key simultaneously. Then
release the (RESET) key and in about
one second release the other two
keys. Much to my surprise, a small
right arrow (—) and a blinking under-
score appeared on the screen in front
of me. Apparently we had found the
Apple Ill's monitor, and my job was
to find out what it could do. After try-
ing several combinations, here is
what I have come up with:

X,Y

Displays the contents of memory
locations X through Y inclusive. The
format is eight bytes per line with an
address on the left and the ASCII
equivalent of each byte on the right
(this is quite similar to the Apple II’s
monitor).

Example.

1000*C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
ABCDEFGH

When a long range of memory,
greater than one or two screensful is
being displayed, pressing the space
bar will “freeze” the display. Pressing
the space bar again will cause the
screen to scroll up one line, and the
next eight bytes will be displayed at
the bottom of the screen.

Pressing any key except (RE-
TURN) will cause the screen to return
to its normal fast scroll. Holding the
space bar down causes a slow scroll
of the memory contents until the end
of the specified memory range is
reached. Pressing the (RETURN) key
while the screen is scrolling or sta-
tionary will cause the user to return
to the monitor prompt.

X:Y

This causes the contents of loca-
tion X to be changed to Y. Each hexa-
decimal number typed after Y, with a
space between each one, will cause
the subsequent bytes to be changed.
(This works exactly as in the Apple II
monitor described in the Apple II
Reference Manual, Pages 43 and 44.)

(RETURN)

Each time the (RETURN) key is
pressed, the next eight bytes are dis-
played. Since this key is self-repeat-
ing on the Apple ///, holding this key
down is another way of causing a
slow scroll of memory contents.

X< Y.ZM

This move command works iden-
tically to the Apple II command de-
scribed on Page 46.

X,Y.ZV

This verify words the same way as
the Apple IFs. However, when a
match is not found, this —

X:Y A:B

is displayed. (Where X and A are the
memory locations that “should”
have been the same, and Y and B are
the contents of those locations
respectively.

After this, I proceeded to try all the
letters in the alphabet to try to find
more commands. Apparently, com-
mands which are not understood by
the system sound a beep.

A Display the contents of Location A
B Display the contents of Location B
C Display the contents of Location C
D Display the contents of Location D
E Display the contents of Location E
F Display the contents of Location F

Executes a machine language rou-
tine at the last location specified in a
command. XG executes a machine
language program beginning at
Location X. (Exactly like the Apple
IIs monitor described on Page 49.)

H and I— Error (system beeps)

Turns disk drive on, sometimes
causes underscore prompt to disap-
pear at other times.

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q— all errors
(system beeps)

Reads disk(?) (the disk starts to spin)

8000 R at one time generated an 82!
(I/O error code?)

500R and 600R — filled part of the
screen with flashing characters.
(Text page area?)

1000R— filled locations 1000-1FFF
with what appeared to be the begin-
ning of a disk directory. (This area
was cleared with FF’s, using the
move command described above,
prior to the 1000R.)

S and T — errors (system beeps)

(continued on page 70)

PAGE 34

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

READ DOS 3.3 FILES FROM PASCAL 1.1

By Lee Meador

I have found that I prefer to
write programs in Pascal. The
problem with that preference
is that much of the data that I
would like to compute on is
stored in files under Apple DOS.
So . . .

This is a UNIT to read DOS 3.3
files and program to convert
text files from DOS 3.3 format
to Pascal format. The UNIT can
be used in your own programs
to allow reading of Apple DOS
files. I have used it to do cross
references of DOS files, to print
text from my word processor in
double column output and to
“proofread” my text looking for
some formatting errors. You can
use it to transfer your assembly
language programs in source
form (maybe even translate
them as you go) or read your
financial data files that you
created with an accounting
package or VisiCalc.

Now, a word or two about the
program I have included to
show how the unit is used. First,
I want to make sure you know
that this program is all you need
to move anything from Apple
DOS to Pascal. Suppose you
have a BASIC program you want
to move. You can enter a few
lines into the program that will
let it convert the program to a
text file. Let’s say you have a few
free lines at 5073 to 5079. Boot
the DOS 3.3 diskette and load
in the program you want to
transfer. You can enter:

5073 PRINT

“OPEN TEXTFILE”:

REM HAS D

5074 PRINT

“WRITE TEXTFILE”:

REM HAS D

5075 LIST

5076 PRINT “CLOSE”:

REM HAS D

5077 END

Then when you type RUN 5073
the disk will begin whirring and
a listing of the program will be
transferred to a DOS text file
called “TEXTFILE”. Then this
program can convert that file to
Pascal format.

One other “suppose” is in
order. Suppose you have your
files on Apple DOS 3.2. You will
have to MUFFIN those files over
to DOS 3.3 before they can be
converted to Pascal format.

You may be wondering about
Binary files. The program has a
provision for transferring binary
files. It puts the starting address
and length as decimal numbers
on the first two lines of the
Pascal file. Then the other bytes
are transferred as if they were
text. This is useful for converting
text files that you have saved
under Applewriter, Apple Pie or
another text editor that uses
binary files for storage. (NOTE:
The high bit is cleared as each
byte is transferred.)

Enough with general information
--how do you run it? First, enter
the UNIT from the listing. Then
enter the DOSTRANS Program
from its listing (or I can send
you a copy for $10.00 Box
3261, Arlington, TX 76010.).

Compile and link the UNIT. Run
the LIBRARY program on your
APPLE3; disk to create a library
with the normal UNITs in slots
zero through six. Put this unit in
slots seven and eight. The com-
mands are shown as Figure 1.

Now, go into the filer and
rename the old library (SYSTEM
.LIBRARY) to get it out of the
way. Then rename NEW.
LIBRARY to SYSTEM. LIBRARY.
This will allow your program to
access the functions in the unit
without typing them in every
time.

Compile, Link and Execute the
DOSTRANS program. (I use the
R)un command to take care of
all that.) When the program
begins running, the first question
asked will be:

What unit is the DOS 3.3 disk
in?

You should enter 4, 5, 9, 10,
11 or 12. Usually I put the DOS
3.3 disk in slot 6, drive 2 and
answer 5. (DO NOT put a pound
sign--‘ # ’--in front of the number
or a colon-Y-after it.)

What file to transfer?

Type the name of the DOS file
that you want to transfer. You
will need to know the name
from the normal DOS command:
CATALOG. This question
assumes you have put the 3.3
disk in the drive and closed the
door because when you push
RETURN that drive will whirr and
the program will try to find the
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PAGE 36

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

X APPLE3: LIBRARY < RETURN >

NEW. LIBRARY < RETURN >

SYSTEM. LIBRARY < RETURN >

N DOSUNIT. CODE < RETURN >

1 7

2 8
Q

execute the librarian program
create a new library file
copy UNITs from the old library
equal means copy all UNITs
copy from the new units file
move slot 1 to slot 7
and slot 2 to slot 8
Q)uit the librarian
MEADOR < RETURN)

but put my copyright notice in

Figure 1

it finds the file, the program will
print out the message:

Transferring file
T 13 TEXTFILE

This shows the file type, length
and name. You may end the
program if this is wrong. To end,
enter a blank line for the next
question.

If the file isn’t on the disk or
some other error occurs, the
program will end. A good
programming exercise for
learning some Pascal would be
to change this part of the
program so the entry of
filenames is easier. Maybe you
should be able to look at the
DOS catalog if you want.

Anyway, the next thing the
program needs to know is where
to put the data that is being
transferred. So, it asks the
question we have all been
waiting for:

Transfer to: (DEV:FILENAME) ?

You should tell it where you
want the file transferred. If you
want it put out on the printer,
use ‘PRINTER:’. To watch it
come by on the TV screen, use
‘CONSOLE:’. If you want it put
on the disk, use the volume
number or name and the file
name. (eg. *4:DOS.FILE.TEXT)
Be sure to enter the ‘.TEXT’ on
the end of the name.

Your part is done. The
computer, however, will keep
whirring away. It takes about
one minute to transfer a nine
sector program. When the
program is finished, it will tell
you to push the return button
to exit to the command level of

Pascal. Your file is converted. If
you transferred it to the disk,
you can edit it, copy it, print it
out. It is a normal TEXT file in
every way.

Some Ideas for Expansion

Obviously, you may have to
transfer files back. I hope one
of you is motivated to do that.
The function that calculates the
block to read/write for each
track and sector is called CBLK.
Another function is needed that
converts the bitmap in the
Apple VTOC into a BOOLEAN
array. You will need that array
to figure out where to put the
file you are transferring. Another
use of that map is to provide
yourself with a map of used and
unused sectors on the DOS 3.3
disk. If you count the TRUE
values in the array you will have
the Free Sector Count.

The program only works
correctly for Sequential files.
Random Access files are semi-
transferrable. Some useful
procedures would allow
something like the SEEK routine
for Pascal. Position the input
pointer to a specific place in
the file.

A third possibility for expansion
lies in adding the capability for
opening several DOS files at
one time. You could have open
files numbered from one to
whatever to keep them apart
when you call ReadByteDOS,
etc. Or, you could pass along a
DOSfile variable that contains
the key information. Each file
would need a data buffer,
filemap buffer, Unit number,
and a dozen or so pointers to

keep track of where the input
is. I like the DOSfile variable
idea since it allows an unlimited
number of files open and it
requires you to declare your
intention to have a DOS file in
the VAR portion.

Some notes on Implementation

The description of which tracks
and sectors on a DOS 3.3 disk
are used is in the DOS 3.3
manual and the DOS 3.2
manual. (The 3.2 manual has
it in Appendix C on page 123
and following.) The UNITREAD
function of UCSD Pascal is used
to read the sectors into an array
of 512 bytes (0..255).

The function CBLK shows the
correspondence between the
Pascal Block number and the
DOS 3.3 track, sector numbers.
GETSECTOR takes into account
that the sector you want may be
the other half of the block that
was read last. If that is so, the
block is not read again. (Pascal
blocks have 512 characters in
them. DOS 3.3 sectors have
256 characters in them.)

The catalog in DOS 3.3 points
to the first file map (also known
as a track, sector list) of the file.
Additional blocks of file map
are linked together by pointers
in each one. GETFMAP is a
procedure to get one sector of
the file map and convert the list
of track-sectors to a pair of
arrays. These arrays are used in
ReadByteDOS to know where
the actual sectors are that hold
the program.

The Capabilities of DOSSTUFF

There are four functions and
six variables that can be ac-

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 37

cesses from DOSSTCIFF. The
listing provides more information
if you need it.

OPENDOS-You tell OPENDOS
which unit the DOS disk is in
and what the name is of the
DOS file you want to access.
Be sure to use upper case in
the name. OPENDOS is a
function that returns TRUE if
the OPEN worked. OPENDOS
sets things up for the next
functions.

ReadByteDOS, ReadCharDOS --
These two functions are similar
in that both return the next byte
from the file that was opened
by OPENDOS. ReadByteDOS
returns it as an INTEGER
between zero and 255.

<*$L printer: *)

<*$S+*) < Necessary for

UNIT DOSstuff; INTRINSIC

ReadCharDOS returns it as the
corresponding ASCII character.
The ASCII is in the range from
zero to 127. The internal
pointers of DOSstuff keep track
of which byte to return next.

CLOSEDOS - Close the DOS
file. You should be sure to Close
one file before going on to
another file.

EOFDOS -- This is a Boolean
variable that tells you if the
DOS file is at the end of file.
False means there is more to
the file. True means there is no
more. If EOFDOS is true you
still need to CLOSEDOS.

ERRDOS -- This is an integer
that has the value of the
IORESCJLT from the last
UNITREAD of a sector. What

units — at least someone
CODE 18 DATA 19;

this means is that if ERRDOS
is ever non-zero, your data is
not valid. Either the door is
open on the drive, the disk is
bad, etc.

FILELOCK, FILELENGTH,
REALFILETYPE and FILENAME
--These variables are Boolean,
integer, character and string,
respectively. They hold the
same information shown in a
DOS 3.3 CATALOG listing.
They all relate to the currently
open DOS file. If no DOS file
has been opened, they have no
meaning.

The DOSTRANS program
shows a way to use some of
these functions and variable
information.

The Program Listing Follows:

told me that >

{. By Lee Meador - Apr 1981 >

INTERFACE

■C The DOS Stuff Variables >

VAR eofdos BOOLEAN; C true on end of DOS file >

err d os : INTEGER; < the IORESULT of last disk read >

filelength: INTEGER; -C sector count of DOS file >

filelock BOOLEAN; -C true if DOS file is locked >

realf iletype: CHAR; < BIATRS for DOS file type >

filename : STRING C303; < Name of DOS file >

PROCEDURE getsector(t, s: INTEGER);

FUNCTION opendos (unitno: INTEGER; name: STRING) : BOOLEAN;
FUNCTION readbytedos: INTEGER;

FUNCTION readchardos: CHAR;

PROCEDURE close _d os;

IMPLEMENTATION

•C These are globals to hold the file map and >

{. associated information- >

VAR f map t * f map s

f map_c onti
f map_c ons
f map_c urr

ARRAY CO. -122D OF 0. . 255;

< track/sector list (file map) >

INTEGER; <. Track; sector of t/s list continuation >
0. . 122 ; -C current index into t/s list >

< These are globals used in the various procs

DOSun i t
off

last b lock
b y t earray

t/ s

INTEGER; C Unit with DOS disk in it >
INTEGER; < Offset into bytearray >
INTEGER; C Previous Block number read >
PACKED ARRAY CO. . 5123 OF 0 . . 255 ;

{ Holds current block from disk >
0. . 255; -C track; sector of catalog sector >

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SUMMER 1981 APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 39

vol 0. - 255; C volume number of DOS disk >

curr^byte 0. - 256; < next byte to read from bytearray)

{. These hold one sector of the catalog >

tst*tss*flen : ARRAY Cl- -73 OF 0. . 255;

locked : ARRAY Cl . .71 OF BOOLEAN;

ftype : ARRAY Cl- -73 OF 0. - 127;

realty' pe : ARRAY Cl.. 71 OF CHAR;

f name : ARRAY Cl .. 71 OF STRING C303*

< These hold the file info for chosen file >
f i 1 e trac k *

filesector 0. . 255;
f i 1 e t y p e 0. . 127;

PROCEDURE getsector; < ( t* s : INTEGER ) ; >

•C reads sector defined by track t* sector s into bytearray >

< leaves the offset in 'off 7 and b 1 oc knumb er*2 in lastblock>

< as global values to use later- No block is read if >

•C bytearray already has that block in it. >

VAR i : INTEGER;

FUNCTION cblk ( t: INTEGER; s: INTEGER) : INTEGER;

< Given the track and sector desired* cblk returns as its >

■C value the Pascal block number of that sector times two >

< then a 0 or 1 is added depending on whether the sector >

■C is in the first (0) or last (1) half of the block >

■C Pascal blocks* as you may remember* hold two sectors >

BEGIN < calculate block from track* sector >

IF s=0 THEN s := 15

ELSE IF s=15 THEN s : = 0;
cblk := ( < t*8+< 15-s) DIV 2)*2 + <<l5-s> MOD 2));

END* -C cblk >

BEGIN

i : = cblk(t*s);

off : = ( i MOD 2)*256;

if (i DIV 2) < > (lastblock DIV 2)

THEN UNITREADCDOSuni t, by tearray* 512* i DIV 2);
errdos := ioresult; -C save error status >
lastb lock : = i;

END* < getsector >

FUNCTION OPENDOS* -C ( un i tno : INTEGER; Name : STR ING ): BOOLEAN; >

-£ Read the catalog a sector at a time and find the file >

•C that is in 'Name'- Return TRUE if the file was found >

VAR i* j* k* 1 : INTEGER;

ch : CHAR*

endcat : BOOLEAN;

( )

PROCEDURE getcat (off : INTEGER);

< Using the given offset into the bytearray to find the >

PAGE 40

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

■C desired sector contents/ getcat moves the catalog >

< information into the various catalog arrays >

VAR j/k/st/l : INTEGER/ -C temps >

types : STRINGC83;

last_char : 0. .255;

BEGIN

t := bytearray Coff+13; < t/ s are the next catalog sector >
s := bytearray Coff+23;

FOR j : = 1 TO 7 DO BEGIN

st : = off + 11 + < j~l )*35;
tstCj3 bytearrayCst + 0 3#

tssCj3 := by tearray Cst + 13/

locked C j 3 := (< b y tearray C st + 23 DIV 128) = 1);
ftype C j 3 := bytearrayCst + 23 MOD 128;
flen C j 3 := bytearrayCst + 333;

( #$r ) < uje play with the string >
last_char : ~ 0; < remove trailing blanks >

for k : = 0 TO 29 DO BEGIN
f name C j 3 Ck + 13 : =

CHR (bytearray Cst + 3 + k 3 MOD 128);
if f name C j 3 CK+13 < > ' ' THEN last^char K+l;

END;

fname C j 3 C03 := chr ( last_char );

(*$r+*)

< Figure out the file type by highest bit set >

1 : = 1 ;

k : ~ ftypeCjl;
while k < > 0 do
BEGIN

1 : = sue c ( 1 ) ;
k : = k DIV 2;

END;

types : = 'TIABRS?? ';
realtypeCj3 : = typesC13;

END; < for j : = 1 to 7 >

END; -C getcat >

PROCEDURE getvtoc;

■i Read the VTOC into bytearray >

BEGIN

g e t sec tor ( 17/ 0 ) ; C read in the VTOC sector >

vol : = by tearray Coff+63;

END;

BEGIN -C OpenDOS >

C Read in the VTOC of the DOS 3.3 catalog >

DOSunit := unitno;
getvtoc;

IF err d o s < > 0 THEN BEGIN
OPENDOS : = False;

EX IT (OPENDOS);

END;

(continued on page 42)

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PAGE 42 APPLE ORCHARD SUMMER 1981

(continued from page 40)

t := b y tearray C of f + 1 D ; -C track of 1st catalog sector >

s : = bytearray Cof f+2D; <. sector of 1st catalog sector >

{. Hunt through the contents of the catalog >

OPENDOS : = FALSE;
endcat : = false;

WHILE NOT endcat DO BEGIN

< Read in the next sector of the DOS 3.3 catalog >

getsec tor ( t, s ) ; < get sector into bytearray >

getcat(off); -C get catalog data from bytearray >

FOR k := 1 TO 7 DO BEGIN

IF tstCkD < > 0 THEN -Cnot the end of catalog >

IF (tstCkD < 128 ) AND < ie. not deleted >

(Name = fnameCkD) THEN BEGIN

endcat

true;

OPENDOS

TRUE;

f i letrac k

t s t

CkD

filesector

t ss

CkD

filelength

f len

CkD

filelock

locked

CkD

f i 1 ety p e

f ty p e

CkD

realfiletype

realtypeCkD

f i 1 ename

f name

CkD

f map_c on t

: —

f i letrac k ;

file

map

location)

f map_c ons

f i lesector;

f map_c urr

122;

entry

map >

EOFDOS

False;

Well,

this

i sn

't the end)

END

ELSE -C dummy else >

ELSE endcat := true;

END; < for k : = 1 to 7 >

END; < while not endcat >

END; -C OPENDOS >

( ##############*##*#***##########*##**#*#####**#*****#***#***##*#####**#■*•*#

FUNCTION ReadByteDOS; { : INTEGER; >

■C

VAR none;

PROCEDURE getfmap(t, s: integer);

•C Get the file map (tract; sector list) from the specified track; sector
•C fmapt>fmaps arrays hold the track-sectors in the file

VAR j : INTEGER;

BEGIN

getsectorCt; s);

FOR j : = 0 to 121 DO BEGIN

fmaptCjD := by tearray Hoff + 12 + j*2 D;
fmapsCjD : = b y tearray C of f + 12 + j*2+1D;

END; -C for j : = 0 . . . >

fmap_cont := b y tearray C of f + ID;

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 43

fmap^cons := b y t earray C of f + 23;
c urrj b y t e := 256; -Cone past end)

END; -C getfmap>

( *######*####&###*#**###&*##■#*###&*##*# )

BEGIN <. ReadByteDOS >

IF EOFDOS OR ( ERRDOS < > 0) THEN BEGIN
ReadByteDOS : = 0;

EXIT (ReadBy t eDQS ) ;

END;

IF fmap_curr > 121 THEN BEGIN {next fmap>

REPEAT

IF f map_c on t+f map_c ons < > 0
THEN BEGIN

C for trace: WR ITELN < 'FILE MAP ',fmap_cont

g e tf map ( f map_c on t i fmap_cons);

END

ELSE BEGIN

EOFDOS : = True;

ReadByteDOS : = 0;

EX IT < ReadByteDOS ) ;

END;

f map_c urr : = 0;

WHILE NOT ( ( f map_c urr >121) OR

( f map t C f map_c urr 3 + f map s C f map_c urr 3 <

DO fmap_curr : = sue c ( f map_c urr ) ;

UNTIL ( f map t C f map_c urr 3 + f map s C f map_c urr 3 < > 0);

END; < if fmap^curr > 121 >

IF currjyte > 255 THEN BEGIN

WHILE NOT ((fmap^curr > 121) OR

( fmap t [fmap_curr 3 + f map s C f map_c urr 3 <>

DO fmap^curr : = sue c < f map__c urr ) ;

IF fmap^curr <= 121 THEN BEGIN
•tf or trace: WRITELN< 'SECTOR

fmap tCf map^curr 3 : 5/ f map sC f map_c urr 3 : 5, fmap__curr: 5); >

getsector(fmaptCfmap_curr3j fmapsCfmap_curr3);

END

ELSE BEGIN
ReadByteDOS : = 0;

Exit ( ReadBy t eDOS ) ;

END;

c urr_b y t e : ~ 0;

fmap_curr : = sue c ( f map_c ur r ) ;

END;

ReadByteDOS : = b y t earray C of f + c urr_b y t e 3 ;

CUT 'T'_byte : = succ (curr^byte);

END; *C ReadByteDOS >

: 5* f map_c ons : 5 ) ; >

> 0 ) )

0 ) )

FUNCTION ReadCharDOS; { : CHAR; >

PAGE 44

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

BEGIN

ReadCharDOS : = c h r ( Rea dBy t eDOS MOD 128);

END; < ReadCharDOS >

( #*#########*###**##*#*#*#####*####■*###########**##***#*###******####***•*-&*
PROCEDURE CLOSE DOS;

BEGIN

lastblock

“ -1; < for getsector

EOFDOS

= True;

ERRDOS

= 0;

DOSun i t

= -1 ; f illegal unit

fmap_cont

=0; < no continuati

fmap_c on s

= 0;

fmap_curr

= 122;

c urr_b y t e

= 256;

END; < close

d os >

INITIALIZATION

BEGIN

CLOSEJDOS; < close the DOS file >
END-

(* dont use the $L printer: *)
PROGRAM readdos;

■C By Lee Meador - JAN 1981 >
( *$COPYR I GHT 1981 BY LEE MEADOR* )
< All rights reserved >

•C Program allows reading a file from Appl
•C 3.3 from a Pascal program.

■C Currently limited to sequential text fi
< (but random access will transfer filled

USES DOSSTUFF;

VAR i > j , 1

: INTEGER;

COUNTERS *)

ans ;

Misc string answers *)

OutFile

: STRING;

Pascal Output file name *)

InF i 1 e

: STRING;

DOS file name * )

f ou t

: TEXT;

Pascal Output file *)

catuni t

: INTEGER;

■C Unit with DOS disk in it

BEGIN

Get the unit n

umber of the d

isk

we can expect the >

DOS 3.3 d i s k e

tte to be in.

WRITE ( 'What un

it is the DOS

3. 3

disk in? ');

READLN ( c a t un i t

);

IF NOT (catuni

t in £4/5/9.. 1

23 >

THEN EXIT(readdos);

•C

Get input file

name/ convert

caps and open >

WRITE ( 'What

file to transfer?

' );

READLN ( InFile);

•£ Make the name of the DOS file all Upper Case > (continued on page 73)

e DOS >
>

les >

sectors)

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 45

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

by C. J. Thompson

Cider Press

The “EXEC” capability of the Apple Disk Operating
System (DOS) is an awesome one. In fact, APPLE did such
a poor job in explaining the “EXEC” function in the DOS
manual that upon first reading, one is filled with a com-
bination of awe, confusion, and fear. However, the “EXEC”
function is so useful and powerful (and so very rare in a
micro), that it’s worth the effort to dig out the basics.

There are two types of “EXEC” text files. The first type
contains computer and/or DOS commands. When this
type of file is EXEC’d, the computer performs the com-
mands, in sequence, just as if they were being entered
manually from the keyboard.

The second type of “EXEC” text file contains a BASIC
program, including the line numbers. When this file is
EXEC’d, the BASIC program contained in the text file is
loaded into the computer, much the same as if you had
manually “LOADed” a BASIC program, except that it is
added to any BASIC program that is already in memory.
Obviously, we have two very different capabilities here.

To illustrate the use of the EXEC function for automated
computer operations, the Applesoft program below has
been devised to transfer BASIC program from diskette to
tape cassette. The human operator need only enter the
names of the programs to be moved, and then turn the
tape recorder on. The computer will then move any num-
ber of programs, as long as they all come from one disk-
ette and will all fit on one cassette.

The D/T/MOVE program first accepts the number and
names of the programs to be moved (lines 300-400). Then
a text file is written containing the program names and the
necessary commands to execute the loads and saves (lines
500-680). Then commands are included to reload D/T/
MOVER to permit another batch transfer (lines 740-760).
After the text file is closed at line 780, it is EXEC’d at line
860. Now the commands in the next file are executed.
After all the scheduled LOADs and SAVES are completed,
D/T/MOVE is reentered from the EXEC file at line 900,
where the human operator may elect to process more pro-
grams or to exit. If the exit is chosen, D/T/MOVE deletes
the EXEC text file from your diskette before signing off.

Note the use of CHR$(34), quotation marks, in lines 640
and 720, to effect PRINT statements within PRINT state-
ments. This enables printing to the screen while under
control of the EXEC’d text file.

One caution: be careful to enter the correct program
names, when prompted for them. D/T/MOVE will proceed
with the SAVE even if the LOAD failed because the file
could not be found. Anyone out there know how to employ
standard error handling routines from within the EXEC
file???

Next we will illustrate the second type of EXEC file, one
containing a BASIC program. This type is useful for trans-

mitting programs as text files, computer to computer, and
for converting Integer programs to Applesoft programs.
First let’s see how the process works.

To capture a BASIC program into a text file, we must
properly OPEN a text file and then LIST the BASIC pro-
gram into the file. The BASIC program must, of course, be
in memory. Then, we must APPEND the necessary DOS
commands to OPEN, WRITE, & CLOSE the text file. So
why not use the APPEND capability of the EXEC function?
Why not, indeed!!!

So first, we must create the text file with the necessary
file commands. Below is a BASIC program (very similar to
the CAPTURE program from the DOS manual) that will
create the needed text file.

This program has been written with low line numbers
and is intended to be APPENDed at the front end of your
BASIC program. That means that your program must start
with a higher (than 12) line number or duplicate line num-

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PAGE 46

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

bers will result. If your BASIC programs characteristically
use low line numbers, you can re-write the CAPTURE pro-
gram with very high line numbers. In either case, you must
take care that the CAPTURE program remains as a conti-
guous subprogram at one end of your BASIC program,
and without overlap of line numbers.

The first time the CAPTURE program is run, it will LIST
itself into a text file on your diskette. Now this CAPTURE
file can be EXEC’d into memory along with your BASIC
program, which can then be listed into a text file. To do
that, you perform the following steps:

1 . Run the CAPTURE (first time only)

2. Load your BASIC program

3. EXEC CAPTURE

4. Change LINE 10 to first and last line of your program

5. Run (if CAPTURE is at front) and enter the name of
your program when prompted.

You should now have a new text file on your diskette
containing your original BASIC program.

Now if, for instance, your program was an Integer pro-
gram which you wish to convert to Applesoft, you could
enter FP and then EXEC (your program name). Now your
Integer program is in computer memory, and your compu-
ter is in the Applesoft mode. There remains the small task
of correcting the SYNTAX differences. Just type RUN and
the first SYNTAX error will pop up via an error message.
Repeat the procedure until it RUNS all the way.

If you’re going to do a lot of conversion, you may use the
program listed. It resets HIMEM: so that it can load your In-
teger program into memory without destroying itself.
Then it lists your program into a text file. It then creates a
second text file which, when EXEC’d, will switch your
computer to Applesoft and then EXEC the first file of your
Integer program. Now you need only SAVE your new Ap-
plesoft program and correct the errors.

Probably one of the more useful applications of the EX-
EC function is the APPENDing of standard subroutines.
You can establish a library of subroutines in text files and
when needed all you have to do is EXEC them into your
program. Using this command to combine program
modules is quite different, and much more flexible, than
the standard APPEND operation.

APPENDing of two programs can be accomplished by
LOADing one program, resetting HIMEM: or LOMEM (de-
pending on whether the programs are Integer or Apple-
soft), and then loading the second program. A second
reset of the HIMEM (or LOMEM) to the original value re-
sults in the concatenation of the two programs. Obviously,
the programs must be pre-numbered to avoid overlaps,
and then loaded into the computer in the proper order.

When the EXEC function is used to combine two pro-
grams, the programs are not concatenated. Rather, the
program statements of the file being EXEC’s are placed
into the previously LOADed program, wherever the line
numbers of the EXEC’d program happen to fall. If there is a
duplication of line numbers, the line from the EXEC’s file
simply replaces that line in the original program. Thus,
with one EXEC operation, one can add (or replace) pro-
gram lines at several different locations in the program. A
subroutine can be EXEC’d into the middle of a program as
long as line number space has been reserved for it.

One can also conceive of having two different versions
of a program by storing only one version and having all the

necessary changes stored in a text file. Version two of the
program can be obtained by loading version one, and the
EXEC’ing the text file. Of course, you can go one step fur-
ther and prepare another EXEC text file that will auto-
matically perform the program LOAD and then EXEC the
“changes” file. This general technique permits several
slightly different versions of a large program to be stored
in a minimum of diskette space.

I hope that these few clues are enough to get you think-
ing about more creative use of the EXEC function.

>LIST

0 REM INTEGER CAPTURE

1 DIM NA$(40 : CALL -936
: REM D*=CTL D IN QUOTES

2 PRINT "FILE NAME? "J INPUT
NA*

3 PRINT D$>"MONCIO"

4 PRINT D$> "OPEN" >NA*

5 PRINT D$> "DELETE" >NA*

6 PRINT D$> "OPEN" >NA<

7 PRINT D$i " WRITE" >NA$

8 POKE 33 > 33 ! LIST 10>32767

9 PRINT D$> "CLOSE" >NA$! TEXT
! END ! REM

10 REM

"CONVERT" BY RON ALDRICH
CALL -APPLE * SEPT 1978

20 POKE 76* PEEK (202)! POKE 77
> PEEK (203)1 DIM A$(35)!D*

= ""! REM CTL D IN QUOTES
30 PRINT D$» "N0M0NCI0"

40 TEXT ! CALL -9361 PRINT "INTEGER
TO FP CONVERTER"! PRINT ! PRINT
50 INPUT "ENTER NAME OF PROGRAM TO
BE CONVERTED" > A$

60 PRINT D$i "LOAD" >A$

65 PRINT D*

70 PRINT "PROPER DISK IN DRIVE ? "

! INPUT ZZ$! POKE 33 >33
80 PRINT mt "OPEN" >A*> "FILE"! PRINT
D^i "WRITE" > A$ > "FILE" !

90 LIST

100 PRINT D$> " CLOSE" >A1» > "FILE"

105 PRINT D*

110 PRINT D*>"0PENI-A FILE"! PRINT
D$> " WRITEI-A FILE"! PRINT "FP"

! PRINT "EXEC" >A$> "FILE"

120 PRINT D$ > "CLOSE I -A FILE"! PRINT
D*> “EXECI-A FILE"! END flk

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 47

Letters
the Editor

Sir:

Negative editorializing and soft-
ware locks have not eliminated pirat-
ing; they have only made it more
challenging, driven it underground,
and given some people added thrills.
Let’s try a positive suggestion.

The vast majority of software
pirating is apparently of arcade-style
games and “adventures”. 1 suggest
that those very popular types of pro-
grams not be copy-protected, but
that they include user instructions on
the original distribution media and
that instructions for copying to disk
or tape be included. These special
PIRATABLE programs should also
be sold at the lowest possible cost
(certainly no more than $ 10 plus the
cost of the medium). You’ll entice
and hold more computer users that
way anyhow.

But wait!! Who pays the Piper (i.e.,
Authors)?? The ADVERTISING
sponsors, that’s who!! Work with, not
against the free enterprise system.
Incorporate commercial messages
within the program so that each time
it is run, you are exposed to the spon-
sor’s words. The brief ads could
range from gaudy Hi-Res in full color
billboards to low-key use of the prod-
uct for variable and location names.

Bury the advertising in data state-
ments and machine code; that would
make it difficult enough to remove
so that most users wouldn’t bother.
The dedicated cryptographer could
still have his fun, but it might be
more profitable to exercise these
skills in writing more of the spon-
sored program.

Don’t limit the sponsors to
computer or electronics hobbyist
businesses. Computer users tend to
be better educated, to have a higher

income level, and to be more pro-
gressive than the population as a
whole. That’s exactly the market ad-
vertisers are looking for. Sell micro-
wave ovens, VCR’s and new cars.
Even soap and paper diapers!

Imagine a simulation road race
with bonuses for contributions to the
national economy and penalties for
exhaust emissions; sponsored by the
National commission to Reduce Oil
Imports, of course. Or, how about a
war game in which the successful
production of nutritious food supply
must accompany the weapons sup-
ply? (Brought to you by the National
Farmers Alliance, maybe.) A snow-
mobile race over an obstacle
course — sponsored by Ski-Doo. . .
the list goes on.

Another idea: Push the stamps on
the back of breakfast cereal boxes.
For $3.00 and 3 boxtops you could
order a game tape for your home
computer permitting you to play the
role of the Ceres Kid in his struggle
against the forces of dentistry.
Younger sibling could guide his
cockatoo through the maze in search
of froot droops. Change to a rabbit
looking for chocolate moth balls.

Now you have the idea; let’s use
the system, not fight it!!

C.E. Walker
Lincoln, Nebraska

Sir:

Early in May I, along with other
members of our group, had the good
fortune to attend the IAC’s Annual
Meeting in Chicago. I came away
with mixed feelings and would like to
share some of them here.

To start on a positive note, I would
like to congratulate those respon-
sible for the Sunday session. The
speakers were informative, energe-
tic and, with one exception, well-
prepared. Many in our group are
eagerly awaiting the availability of
the video tapes. It takes a lot of work
to organize such an event so thanks
and a big red apple to all of you.

There was another nice benefit to
attending the Annual Meeting. We
were able to put faces on all of those
people we had read about, written to
or talked to on the ‘phone. And, as in
a blind date, no one looked quite like
we expected them to. Not only did we
meet some old friends, but we were
able to start some new relationsips
with people and groups. We never
would have met them but for the An-
nual Meeting. If you ever have the
chance to attend, I highly recom-
ment it. This is especially true for the
groups that are miles away from the
larger population centers, as we are.

I believe I mentioned mixed feel-
ings. Some of them were generated
by the business meeting on Satur-
day; let me give you a quick descrip-
tion of what occurred.

Prior to opening the business
meeting, President Ken Silverman
opened the floor for two-minute
statements on the nibble copier
issue.

The meeting was called to order
and several Regional Director posi-
tions were voted on.

A financial report was given.

(The new editor discussed the Ap-
ple Orchard’s author and newsletter
policies, and urged Club participa-
tion.— PCW)

PAGE 48

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

The meeting was closed so that
the Executive Board could go off to a
closed meeting to conduct “our”
business.

There we sat, contemplating the
reality that we had drive 300 miles to
vote for a director, and we had al-
ready done that by mail. Further, the
director that had just been elected
would serve for two years, and during
that time we would not be able to see
him in action or even find out how he
had voted on any issue.

Now, in order to be positive again,
I offer some suggestions. When one
takes on the often thankless job of
leadership he/she spends large
amounts of time trying to get people
to participate. It is unfortunate, but it
is human nature to allow others to do
all the work. To aid in this effort, con-
sider the following:

Open all meetings to all that
wish to attend. Rules can be
adopted to maintain order and
to keep the meetings moving.
(Done — JV)

Solicit opinion from all of the
member groups. The IAC Bul-
letin would be a great format
for monthly pools on issues be-
ing debated. The audio tape
sent to us by one of our Direc-
tors, James Hassler, is a good
step in this direction. (Well,
that’s an example of hearing
the Director in action ... —
PCW) He is distributing infor-
mation and asking for informa-
tion in return.

Distribute proposal forms to be
used by member Clubs to sub-
mit new ideas or possible
changes. The Board should be

required to follow up forms,
with an explanation of any ac-
tion taken. I have written se-
veral letters to members of the
Board that have gone com-
pletely unanswered.

I know it is a difficult task, but I
hope the leadership can successfully
encourage active participation by all
members. The alternative is the type
of member you are all familiar with;
the one who pays his dues, gets
copies of all the Club software, and is
never heard from again.

May your efforts not be wasted.

Thomas E. Jacobsen
President
The Green Apples
Cedar Falls, Iowa

Since the last issue of the Orchard
went to press, the IAC has sent sev-
eral mailings to its members. Individ-
uals should be aware that each club
has designated an IAC contact per-
son who receives these mailings. The
contact person is responsible for dis-
tributing the information to club
members. Too frequently the mater-
ials get as far as the club officers and
stop there. If you haven’t seen any of
the IAC mailings, and would like to,
get in touch with your club’s IAC con-
tact. A complete list of IAC clubs and
contacts is included elsewhere in this
issue. The following materials were
sent out since the last issue:

ORCHARD: Each member now re-
ceives a copy of the Orchard. This

INSIDE THE IAC

By Joe Budge, Secretary

started with Volme 2, Number 1,
the Spring, 1981 issue.

APNOTES: A set of Apnotes was
mailed to members on March 23.
These Apnotes included a 9600
Baud modification to the Comm
Card, documentation of Integer
floating point routines, documen-
tation of Monitor ROM subrou-
tines, the Apple II buss standards,
and a description of the IEEE-488
interface for the Apple II and Ap-
ple III. A word about the Apnote in-
dex is in order here. Each mailing
includes a composite index of all
Apnotes published by the IAC to
date. Your club should have on
hand all the past releases. Some
numbers are apparently missing

in the index — these have been as-
signed but not yet published.

SOFTWARE: The IAC has sent every
member a copy of the Pascal 1.1
System. Attach disk and docu-
mentation. The documentation
includes Pascal interface
standards.

OTHER: Every member is now re-
ceiving our monthly Bulletin. In
addition members received a no-
tice of the Annual Meeting and
proxy statements. Members in the
Western and Southern regions
were sent announcements that
their Directors were elected by de-
fault, as only one nomination was
received for each region. Descrip-
tions of the Directors were in-
eluded with the announcement. PP

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But Apple-Cat II is far more
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Change Speeds

Choose from standard 110 or
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Set it on
automatic.

You have all of
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answer and disconnect.

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Start your
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Built-in BSR
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as close as a
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to program and run home
appliances, lights — anything you
power with electricity.

It’s a phone.

Apple-Cat II takes up one of
your phone lines — but you don’t
have to lose the use of a phone.
A standard handset converts
your Apple into an intelligent
telephone at the push of a few
keys. It’s a handy extra phone to
have when you want to precede
or follow data transmission with
a voice call. You can switch from
voice to data anytime without
losing the connection.

Easy to use.

From day one, you spend your
time talking to the world, not
mumbling at the modem. All the
functions are fully programmed
in. Insert the supplied diskette,
turn it on and your screen
displays a menu of your options.
You select each option with the
push of a single key. It’s a fully
self-prompting program — no
homework needed to operate.

r B OTJ , M! ,0M 22 «

PICK-UP PHONE <H> HANG-UP

AUTO-DIAL

TERMINAL CHAT NODE

TERMINAL MEMORY MODE

UNATTENDED ANSHER/HEMORY ON

HI -SPEED COH-HARE TRANSFER

TOGGLE LOCAL ECHO (ON-OFF)

LOAD MEMORY FROM DISK

SAUE MEMORY

SEND MEMORY

PRINT MEMORY

KEYBOARD TO MEMORY

RE-CONFIGURE TERMINAL/PRINTER

DISK COMMAND

END PROGRAM <Z> COUNT

MEM ' OFF LEN * 00980 FREE =27192

What have you done?

Your Apple-Cat II knows — and
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have you used? How much is
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Apple-Cat II is the personal
communication system
you grow into, not out of.

We’ve designed the Apple-Cat
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Many of the features are sim-
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1 . Full range of communication baud
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8. Built-in BSR® X-10 Controller.

* 9. Remote control for external cas-
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1 0. Works with other Apple parallel or
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1 1 . Constant status display on screen.

12. Binary or text modes.

13. Single card installation.

14. FCC certified built-in phone line
interface (PLI) module.

Simple, plug-in
installation

The Apple-Cat II PC board plugs
into one of the peripheral slots
inside your Apple. The small
interface expansion module goes
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and a ribbon cable connects
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The telephone handset and
holder are mounted on the right
side of the frame.

The entire installation should
take no more than 5 to 10 minutes.

And just that quickly, you can
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BENEFITS/FEATURES

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* Requires Expansion Module

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System (D.O.S.). Diskette is formatted in 3.2.1 DOS. Conversion
to 3.3 DOS can be done by using Apple II Muffin Program.

*Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

™Cat is a trademark of Novation, Inc. which does not manufacture Apple computers.

BSR is a trademark of BSR Corporation.

TouchTone is a trademark of AT&T

Z-80 Softcard is a trademark of Microsoft Consumer Products.

Prices subject to change without notice.

See the Apple-Cat II
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SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 53

Pasca

CYCLOIDS

EXPLORING THE CONCENTRIC
LAYERS OF APPLE-PASCAL

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), the
French mathematician, is known for
many things. Among computerists
he is known for having invented one
of the earliest computing machines
and for his work in combinatorial
theory and probability theory. Per-
haps less well known is his character-
ization of the cycloid, the path de-
scribed by a point on a circle as it
rolls along a straight line.

My dictionary defines cycloid,
when used as an adjective, to mean
arranged or progressing in circles,
which brings us to the idea behind
this column. CYCLOIDS will be a
regular feature of the Apple Orchard
in which we hope to explore the con-
centric circles, beginning to ad-
vanced, of Apple-Pascal program-
ming.

I would like to receive your ques-
tions about Apple-Pascal; and the
Orchard would like to consider your
articles for publication. Help us
make this column more interesting
to you by letting me know what you
would like to read about. And help us

By Dr. Wo

Washington Apple Pi

make the Apple Orchard more inter-
esting for all of us by submitting your
Pascal articles here.

Please observe the following when
submitting a Pascal article to the
Orchard:

• Include a machine readable
copy of your article on a stan-
dard Apple-Pascal 5.25 inch
disk.

• Include a machine readable
copy of all programs. Include
text and code versions of all ex-
ecutable programs appearing
in your article. Please use Ver-
sion 1.1 if at all possible.

• Include hard copy of your arti-
cle and all your programs.
Copy should be produced on a
printer or typewriter with a
fresh ribbon.

• Mail all your correspondence to
the IAC’s Daly City post office
box.

PLOTTING CYCLOIDS

Since no article on Pascal would
be complete without some program,
let’s kick things off with a program to
draw colorful cycloids on the Apple’s
high resolution screen.

The program starts off with ‘initcy-
cloid;’ which sets up the array cy-
cloid’ to contain eight shaded cy-
cloids. The procedure makes use of
the parametric form of the equation
of a cycloid, namely,

x: = radius *(theta-sin(theta))

y : = radius * ( 1 -cos(theta))

where the pair (x,y) is a point on the
cycloid, radius is a constant which
determines the distance between the
cusps in the cycloids, and theta is the
varying parameter.

The program then calls ‘setup-
screen’ which relies on ‘drawblock’ to
put up the cycloids in a colorful way.
It then keeps complementing the
screen until you get tired of the whole
affair.

PAGE 54

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

PROGRAM cycloids?

USES

transeendjturtieSraphics* applestuff ?

CONST

( t width of the hish res screen % )
xlimit=27??

twice rsdius is twice the redius of the cycloids desired. *>
twicer sdius=ll?

VAR

cycloidtPACKED ARRAYEQ. .twiceradius*0. .xlimitl OF BOOLEAN?

PROCEDURE initcacloid?

CONST

halfxlimit=13??
r sdiu s=5 . 5505 .

VAR

dotcount?oldx*x*y t INTEGER?
theta t REAL?

PROCEDURE writedot?

BEGIN

write-! ■' .' )?
dotcountt=dotcount+l?

IF dotcount=40 THEN
BEGIN do tcoun 1 1 =0 ? wr i te 1 n ? END?

END?

PROCEDURE setbitsfx»oldx*yt INTEGER)?

v AR

ix?iyt INTEGER?

BEGIN

FOR ixt=oldx TO x DO
FOR iy?=0 TO y BO
BEGIN

cycloid! iy fix It =TRUE?

cycloid! iy»ix+h3lfxliB.it+Ut=TRUE?

END?

FUNCTION urdetex' VAR thetstREAL )t INTEGER?

( $ uFdstex the x-coordinate by incrementing
theta in steps of size increment*)

CONST

increments. 125? <* 50 increments for theta from 0.0 to 2*pi #)
BEGIN

updstext=trunc< radius*( theta-sin< theta)))?
thetat=theta+increment?

END?

BEGIN initcycloid *)
pade( output )?

SotoxsC 0*5 )?

writeln( ' Initializing cycloid* plesse wait.')?

( t initialize cycloid to false *)
f illcharl cycloid>sizeof( cycloid )rchr( 0 ))?

x t =0 ? o 1 dx t =x ? y t =0 ? the ta t =0 . 0 ? dotcoun 1 1 =0 ?

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 55

( % set bite to correspond to 3 images of
3 shaded cycloid with r3dius=5.5505 %)

(* use symmetry to halve co»PutinS time, we coaid do better
REPEAT

se tbits! x»oldx»y )?
aidxt=x?

( & det next x * )

REPEAT xt=updatex! theta )?writedot?

UNTIL x>oldx?

yt=trunc! radius#! 1 *0-eos( theta > >>?

UNTIL x>hslfxliaiU

END? !# initeycloid #)

D R0CEBURE setup-screen?

CONST

ylimit=191?

MAR

yof f se t ? r ows ize ! INTEGER ?
seedeoior tsereeneolor?
oK colors? SET OF screencolor ?

FUNCTION setcolor!VAR seedeolortscreeocolor XJscreencolor ?

BEGIN

REPEAT

IF seedcolor=white2 THEN seedeolart=*»0ne?
seedeoior ?=succ( seedeoior )?

UNTIL seedeoior IN okcolors?
set-color t =seedeolor ?

END?

BEGIN

ok col or s 1 =[dreen* violet »oraw3epbt eel?
seedeoior t— black?

«offset:=0»

( # set number of bytes per row ia the arras* cycloid* t\
rowsize?=2#( ! xlimit+f ft5> DIV 1AX?

initturtle?

REPEAT

viewport! 0» xliBiit»9Dffset»sli»it >?
fii I screen! setcolor! seedeoior ))?

dr3ublock( eyeloidfrowsize»0>0»xli»it+l » twicer adi us r0» yof f set? 6>?
yof f set t =yoffset+twiceradios?

UNTIL yof f set>=9l iroi t ?
viewport! 0>xlxnixt»0>ylxnxt )?

END?!# setupscreen #)

BEGIN

initeycloid?

setupscreen?

REPEAT fill screen! reverse ) UNTIL Keypress?
unitclear! 1 )?
textmode?
wr- i tain *

wr iteln! chr! 7 )»chr( 7 >? ' That ' ' s all folks!' )? '

end* m

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PAGE 58

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

GETTING THERE FASTER
IN APPLESOFT PART II

By David H. Bartley

In my article in the Spring
issue of the Apple Orchard, I
discussed some ways to speed
up execution of GOTOs in
Applesoft programs. You will
recall that the BASIC inter-
preter performs a linear search
to find the line you want to go
to. In most cases the search
starts at the beginning of the
program. For some forward
jumps, however, it begins
searching from the current
position. I suggest some ways
to renumber your program lines
to make it more likely that
forward jumps would be exe-
cuted as quickly as possible.

The following loop, for ex-
ample takes 38.1 seconds to
execute when preceded by thirty
other lines:

100 FOR I = 1 TO 10000
110 GOTO 120
120 NEXT I

After renumbering as follows,
the loop consumes only 17.8
seconds:

100 FOR I = 1 TO 10000
200 GOTO 300
300 NEXT I

The reason is quite simple. For
backward jumps, the Applesoft
GOTO interpreter starts looking
for the proper line at the begin-
ning of the program. For for-
ward jumps, it may be smart
enough to start looking from
the current position instead.
But, the interpreter looks at
only the high byte of the line
number . If that byte is greater
than the high byte of the cur-
rent line, then it commences

the search from the current
position. If it is equal or less,
it starts the search from the
beginning of the program.

Since the low bytes are not
compared, a forward jump to a
line number whose high byte is
the same will not execute as
fast as one where the high byte
is greater. In the second ex-
ample, the high byte changed
from 0 to 1. The thrust of my
previous article was to discuss
various ways to renumber your
programs to avoid this dif-
ficulty in Applesoft’s performance.

In this sequel, I present two
machine language enhance-
ments for the Applesoft GOTO
interpreter. They give better
results than the renumbering
approach, but are somewhat
less convenient to use. After
describing these machine
language alternatives I’ll consider
the pro’s and con’s of each
approach.

Listing # 1 shows a machine
language routine which may be
used instead of the Applesoft
handler to speed up short for-
ward GOTOs. This code is
identical to Applesoft’s, but
includes a check of the lower
line number bytes so that even
short forward jumps will cause
the search to begin at the cur-
rent point in the program. This
has exactly the same effect on
speed that we achieved pre-
viously through renumbering.

Each program that wants to
use routine # 1 must have two
changes. First, put an in

front of each GOTO that you
want it to handle. Second, ini-
tialize the vector with POKE
1013,76: POKE 1014,0: POKE
1015,3. Any GOTO not pre-
ceded by an will be handled
as usual by the Applesoft inter-
preter.

Listing # 2 represents the ulti-
mate speedup for GOTOs! This
routine also uses to replace
the BASIC interpreter, but it
almost completely eliminates
all searches by actually modi-
fying your program as it runs!
Each &GOTO statement in your
program is changed into a form
that contains the actual address
of the line you are going to.

WARNING--This means that your
program cannot be edited once
it has been run! Be sure that
you have a copy saved on disk
before you run it.

The comments in listing # 2
fully describe the setup and
operation of the routine, so I
won’t repeat them here.

An additional benefit of this
version is that you can also use
it to speed up GOSCIBs. Place
an “&GOTO x” near the begin-
ning of your program for each
subroutine “x” you want to call.
Then, replace each “GOSCJB x”
with a GOSCJB to the line
containing the “&GOTO x”. The
GOSCJB will be fast because it
is going to a line near the be-
ginning of the program, so the
linear search will be fast. The
“&GOTO x” will be fast because

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 59

5 GOTO 100 : REM — SKIP TO MAIN PROGRAM

10 &GOTO 1000: REM — SUBROUTINE 1
20 &GOTO 2000: REM — SUBROUTINE 2

100 REM — MAIN PROGRAM STARTS HERE
110 GOSUB 10: REM — CALL SUBROUTINE 1
120 GOSUB 20: REM — CALL SUBROUTINE 2

2000 REM — SUBROUTINE 1 STARTS HERE
2000 REM — SUBROUTINE 2 STARTS HERE

Figure 1

it uses the fast &GOTO handler.
This technique is illustrated in
Figure 1.

Two points apply to both of
these machine language rou-
tines. First, don’t overuse the
Not all GOTOs have a
significant effect on the execution
speed of your program. Con-
centrate on the “inner loops’’
and areas of your program that
are noticeably slow. Remember
that routine # 1 is more effective
than the Applesoft interpreter
itself only for short forward
branches.

Second, other programs that
use the command, such as
the Program Line Editor, will be
at least partially disabled by
these routines. The effect on
PLE is negligible--only the PLE
command is lost. To re-
cover it, just “CALL 1016’’.

Those of you with eagle eyes
may have noticed that routine

# 1 is located at $0300 but rou-
tine #2 is at $0800, requiring
that Applesoft’s TXTTAB pointer
be relocated before your program
is loaded. Since routine #2 will
also fit into page 3 below the
DOS hooks, you should feel free
to relocate it there (and remove
the code which sets up TXTTAB).
However, I am experimenting
with the idea of storing my
“production” programs as binary
files on disk with a slightly
different version of routine #2
at the front. This avoids having
to separately BRCJN the GOTO
handler before RGNning the
program.

So which approach to speeding
up GOTOs should you take?
The answer depends totally on
the specific program you have
in mind, and on how much

trouble you want to go to. 1
have only addressed the prob-
lem of speeding up the GOTO
statement; your speed bottle-
necks may have nothing to do
with a GOTO. If you don’t have
a speed problem, or you can’t
find any GOTO’s inside loops,
then leave things alone! If the
problem is a small number of
short forward jumps, then re-
sequence the line numbers as
pointed out in the previous
article, or use the routine in
Listing # 1.

But if you want to go all out,
try the radical approach in
Listing # 2. It appears to be ideal
for “production’’ programs that
are past the development stage
and are used frequently. But
don’t blame me if you wipe out
your only copy of your program!

Listing #1

1000 -OR $0300

1010 .TF XB .GOTO #1

1020 *

1030 *

1040 * ENHANCED 'GOTO 1 ROUTINE FOR
1050 * APPLESOFT BASIC PROGRAMS
1060 *

1070 * DAVID H BARTLEY - AUGUST, 1980
1080 *

1090 * WRITTEN USING VERSION 4 . 0 OF
1100 * THE S-C ASSEMBLER.

1110 *

PAGE 60

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

1120

1130

EXTERNAL ROUTINES

1140

★

00B1-

1150

CHRGET

.EQ

$00B1

GET NEXT CHAR

DA0C-

1160

LINGET

.EQ

$DA0C

PARSE LINNUM

D9A6-

1170

REMN

.EQ

$D9A6

DEC9-

1180

SNERR

.EQ

$DEC9

SYNTAX ERROR

1190

1200

★

EXTERNAL VARIABLES

1210

0075-

1220

CURL IN

.EQ

$75

0050-

1230

LINNUM

.EQ

$50

1240

★

1250

—

1260

1270

AMPERSAND ENTRY POINT

1280

★

1290

AM PER. COMM AND

0300- C9

1300

CMP

#$AB

’GOTO' TOKEN?

0302- D0

1310

1320

GOTO

BNE

END. GOTO

-NO

0304- 20

1330

JSR

CHRGET

GET NEXT CHAR

0307- 20

1340

JSR

LINGET

PARSE LINNUM

030A- 20

1350

1360

★

JSR

REMN

Y:=BYTES LEFT

030D- A5

1370

LDA

CURLIN+1

030F- C5

1380

CMP

LINNUM+1

TEST HI BYTES

0311- 90

1390

BCC

FWARDS

CUR < LINNUM

0313- D0

1400

BNE

BWARDS

CUR > LINNUM

14,10

★

HI BYTES =

0315- A5

14:20

LDA

CURLIN

0317- C5

1430

CMP

LINNUM

TEST LO BYTES

0319- B0

1440

1450

FWARDS

BCS

BWARDS

CUR >= LINNUM

031B- 4C

1460

1470

BWARDS

JMP

$D94A

FORWARD GOTO

031E- 4C

1480

JMP

$D955

BACKWARD GOTO

1490

END. GOTO

1500

★

0321- 4C

1510

JMP

SNERR

SYNTAX ERROR

1520

.EN

Listing #2

1000
1010
1020 *
1030 *
1040 *
1050 *
1060 *
1070 *
1080 *
1090 *
1100 *
1110 *
1120 *
1130 *
1140 *

.OR $0803
.TF XB .GOTO #2

RADICAL ’GOTO’ ROUTINE FOR
APPLESOFT BASIC PROGRAMS

DAVID H BARTLEY — SEPT, 1980

WRITTEN USING VERSION 4.0 OF
THE S-C ASSEMBLER.

SOMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 61

00B1-

D61A-

DA0C-

DEC9-

1150

★

1160

1170

1180

★

1190

★

1200

★

1210

★

1220

1230

1240

1250

★

1260

★

1270

1280

1290

1300

1310

★

1320

1330

1340

1350

★

1360

1370

1380

1390

1400

1410

★

1420

★

1430

★

1440

★

1450

1460

★

1470

1480

1490

★

1500

1510

1520

★

1530

THIS ROUTINE INTERCEPTS BASIC
STATEMENTS OF THE FORM

& GOTO <LABEL>

AND CHANGES THEM (IN PLACE)

TO A FORM IN WHICH THE <LABEL>
IS REPLACED BY THE ADDRESS OF
THE LINE REFERENCED. ALL
SUBSEQUENT EXECUTIONS OF THE
ScGOTO AVOID THE SEARCH FOR
THE LABEL. A GOTO WHICH IS
NOT PRECEDED BY St WILL NOT
BE AFFECTED.

===== WARNINGS ===

THIS ROUTINE SHOULD BE USED
ONLY ON A COPY OF A PROGRAM,
NOT THE ORIGINAL. ONCE USED,
THE COPY IN MEMORY CAN NOT BE
EDITED IN ANY WAY.

THE <LABEL> MUST COMPRISE AT
LEAST 2 DIGITS TO LEAVE ROOM
FOR A 2 BYTE ADDRESS IN ITS
PLACE .

=== OPERATION ===

1) ASSEMBLE THIS ROUTINE. THE

OBJECT SHOULD BE SAVED ON
DISK FOR FUTURE USE.

2) BRUN THE OBJECT FILE. THIS

WILL LOAD THE & ROUTINE,

PROTECT IT FROM APPLESOFT BY
MODIFYING ' TXTTAB * , AND SET
UP THE St VECTOR IN PAGE 3.

1540 *

1550 * 3) LOAD THE APPLESOFT PROGRAM.
1560 * YOU MAY EDIT IT (TO PUT THE
1570 * St'S IN, FOR EXAMPLE) ALL YOU
1580 * WANT AS LONG AS YOU ALWAYS

1590 * SAVE IT BEFORE RUNNING IT.

1600 *

1610 * 4) RUN THE PROGRAM. IT SHOULD
1620 * RUN FASTER IF THE &GOTO
1630 * STATEMENTS WERE IN CRITICAL

1640 * AREAS OF THE CODE.

1650 *

1660 * —

1670 *

1680 * EXTERNAL ROUTINES

1690 *

1700 CHRGET .EQ $00B1 GET NEXT CHAR

1710 FNDLIN .EQ $D61A

1720 LINGET .EQ $DA0C PARSE LINNUM

1730 SNERR .EQ $DEC9 SYNTAX ERROR

PAGE 62

APPLE ORCHARD

SOMMER 1981

1740

1750

★

VARIABLES

1760

★

0075-

1770

CURLIN

.EQ

$75

0050-

1780

LINNUM

.EQ

$50

009B-

1790

LOWTR

.EQ

$9B

00B8-

1800

TXTPTR

.EQ

$B8

0067-

1810

TXTTAB

.EQ

$67

1820

00CF-

1830

FGOTO

.EQ

$CF

00AB-

1840

SGOTO

.EQ

$AB

0008-

1850

TEMP

.EQ

$08

1860

1870

'FAST GOTO'
'GOTO' TOKEN

1880 INIT
1890 *

1900 * RELOCATE 'TXTTAB ' SO THE BASIC
1910 * PROGRAM WILL BE LOADED AFTER
1920 * THIS ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CODE.
1930 *

0803- A9 66 1940 LDA #NEW. TXTTAB

0805- 85 67 1950 STA TXTTAB

0807- A9 08 1960 LDA /NEW. TXTTAB

0809- 85 68 1970 STA TXTTAB+1

1980 *

1990 * SET UP THE APPLESOFT & VECTOR
2000 *

(continued on page 64)

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mands, and a universal escape capability allow

anyone to store or retrieve information in
seconds without errors.
• Machine language searches and sorts operate
in a fraction of the time required by other

programs.

• Searches or sorts, subtotals or totals may
be performed on any field at any time, not

just on those that are indexed or specified in

advance.

• Search results may be displayed, printed,
deleted, counted, totalled, edited, and/or

saved to a new data file.

OTHER FEATURES

• The sophisticated report generator allows
you to format your data output in an infinite
variety of ways.

• You can print form letters, columnar
reports, lists, mailing labels, etc.

• Data, ratios or the results of calculations
can be embedded anywhere in your letters or
reports.

• The report generator gives your output the
professional appearance that you require.

SYNERGISTIC SOFTWARE

Introductory price of $150.00 available from June 1, 1981 through Sept. 1, 1981.

Existing copies of the Modifiable Database may be returned (original disk and manual)
with $75.00 for the complete Data Reporter package. Order yours today!

Available from your local dealer or send check or money order to Synergistic Soft-
ware, 5221 120 Avenue S.E., Bellevue, Washington 98006 or phone 206-226-3216.

• You can append or merge up to a full disk
of data files, or segment your data into sep-
arate files by a search key.

* Searches can contain up to 20 levels. You can
search for a key word in any field, the absence

of a keyword, or a number being within a
specified range.

• Global editing of data may be performed.
• Arithmetic processing can be performed

during record entry, edit, or output.

• Record entry, edit, or deletion (individual
records or blocks) can be performed with no

tedious delays waiting for disk accesses, index
file updates, etc.

• Data may be stored on any number of floppy

or hard disk drives.

• Data files can be reformatted at any time

without reentering the data.
• A free backup disk is provided.

• The package requires an Apple II plus or
Apple II with Applesoft firmware, 48K RAM,

at least one disk drive, and DOS 3.3.

Washington residents add 5.4% sales tax.
Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

PAGE 64

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

(continued from page 62 )

080B-

2010

LDA

#$4C

'JMP' OPCODE

080D-

2020

STA

$3F5

0810-

2030

LDA

# AM PER

& ENTRY

0812-

2040

STA

$3F6

0815-

2050

LDA

/AMPER

0817-

2060

STA

$3F7

2070

081A-

2080

JMP

$03D0

RTN VIA DOS

2090

2100

★

2110

★

AMPERSAND ENTRY POINT

2120

★

2130

AMPER

081D-

2140

CMP

#FGOTO

FAST GOTO?

081F-

2150

BNE

FG0T09

-NO

2160

FGOTOl

0821-

2170

JSR

CHRGET

LO BYTE - ADR

0824-

2180

PHA

0825-

2190

JSR

CHRGET

HI BYTE - ADR

0828-

2200

STA

TXTPTR+1

082A-

2210

PLA

082B-

2220

STA

TXTPTR

082D-

2230

RTS

2240

FG0T09

2250

082E-

2260

CMP

#SGOTO

SLOW GOTO?

0830-

2270

BNE

SG0T09

-NO

2280

SGOTOl

0832-

2290

LDA

TXTPTR

SAVE TXTPTR

0834-

2300

STA

TEMP

0836-

2310

LDA

TXTPTR+1

0838-

2320

STA

TEMP+1

2330

083A-

2340

JSR

CHRGET

SKIP 'GOTO'

083D-

2350

JSR

LINGET

LINE NUMBER

0840-

2360

JSR

FNDLIN

FIND THE LINE

0843-

2370

BCC

ERR. GOTO

-NOT FOUND

2380

★

2390

REPLACE THE 'GOTO

' TOKEN WITH

2400

★

A 'FAST GOTO' TOKEN

2410

0845-

2420

LDY

0847-

2430

LDA

#FGOTO

'FAST GOTO'

0849-

2440

STA

(TEMP) ,Y

084B-

2450

I NY

2460

★

2470

★

REPLACE THE FIRST

TWO DIGITS OF

2480

★

THE <LABEL> WITH THE ADDRESS

2490

★

084C-

2500

SEC

084D-

2510

LDA

LOWTR

LO BYTE - ADR

084F-

2520

SBC

0851-

2530

STA

TXTPTR

0853-

2540

STA

(TEMP) ,Y

2550

0855-

2560

LDA

LOWTR+1

HI BYTE - ADR

0857-

2570

SBC

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 65

0859- 85
085B- C8
085C- 91

085E- 60

085F- 4C

0862- 4C

0865- 00

0866- 00

2580

STA

TXTPTR+1

2590

I NY

2600

STA

(TEMP) ,Y

2610

★

2620

RTS

EXIT

2630

ERR. GO TO

2640

JMP

$D97C

LINE NOT FOUND

2650

SG0T09

2660

JMP

SNERR

SYNTAX ERROR

2670

.HS

2680

2690

NEW . TXTTAB

.HS 0000

2700

ZZZZZZ .EN

SYMBOL

TABLE

081D- AMPER

009B- LOWTR

00B1- CHRGET

0866- NEW. TXTTAB

0075- CURLIN

00AB- SGOTO

085F- ERR. GOTO

0832- SGOTOl

00CF- FGOTO

0862- SG0T09

0821- FGOTOl

DEC9- SNERR

082E- FG0T09

0008- TEMP

D61A- FNDLIN

00B8- TXTPTR

0803- INIT

0067- TXTTAB

DA0C- LINGET

0868- ZZZZZZ

0050- LINNUM

•

INTERNATIONAL
APPLE CORE ■

APPLE
ORCHARD
BACK ISSUES

Back issues of Apple Orchard are available, while supplies
last, as follows:

Volume 1 , Number 1 — $ 5.00 each
All other issues — $3.50 each
(No. 2 is no longer available)

Please send your name, address, and issue number(s),
along with a check, money order, or your VISA or Master-
Card number and expiration date to:

Apple Orchard Subscriptions
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, Oregon 97075

PAGE 66

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

ONE-OVEN MUFFIN

SINGLE-DRIVE DOS 3.2 TO 3.3 CONVERSION

By Dana J. Schwartz

from Washington Apple Pi

Everybody talks about converting
their disks from ODS 3.2 to 3.3, but
nobody ever does anything about it.

Well, I can name that tune in five
passes (or less)!

The Spring 1981 Apple Orchard
contained a fine single-drive copy
program by Steve Adams, written in
Integer BASIC (Single Disk Copy .3).

I took that routine and integrated it
with Muffin to produce a single-drive
3.2 to 3.3 conversion program which
doesn’t require you to switch disks
after every single file as Muffin alone
does. A 48K Apple II has sufficient
RAM to transfer 100 sectors on each
pass, which means that a full 3.2 disk
can be converted with no more than
five passes.

To use the program, it should be
kept on a 3.3 disk along with a copy
of Muffin from your 3.3 master. The
disk which is to receive the files in 3.3
should first be INITialized in 3.3 in
the normal manner. It should be
otherwise blank; any files on it will be
overwritten by the copy process and
lost. After starting Single Drive Con-

>LIST

0 POKE 74,8460 MOD 256: POKE
75,8460/256: POKE 204. PEEK
(74): POKE 205, PEEK (75): REM
LOMEM: 8460

1 A=B=PTR=LOC=RWTS=IBTRK=IBSECT=
IBBUFP=REP=REPS=CMD=TBL=IOB=
TRK=SEC=BYTE1 =BYTE2=0LDPTR=
BITMAP =BUFL0=BUFHI = IB V0L=IBCMD=

500 PRINT "BLOAD MUFFIN 11 : REM CTRL-D

1000 TEXT : CALL -936: VTAB 4: TAB

11: PRINT "SINGLE DRIVE CONVERT"
: TAB (16): PRINT "3.2 -> 3-3"

: VTAB 7: TAB 11: PRINT "BY DANA
J. SCHWARTZ"

1005 TAB 11: PRINT "WASHINGTON APPLE
PI": VTAB 12: TAB 16: PRINT

propriate RWTS (Read or Write a
Track and Sector) routine for 3.2 or
3.3. This is the basis of the conver-
sion process, allowing DOS 3.3 to
read 13-sector (3.2) disks.

Since only 3.2 disks will be input,
lines 1, 1080, and 2040-2095 were
changed to remove the variable
VER. Also, as we don’t want to copy
the 3.2 DOS onto the 3.3 disk, Lines
2010 and 2040 were altered to only
transfer tracks 3 through 34, leaving
out tracks 0-2.

Lines 2100-2120 were added to
convert the 3.2 bitmaps in the VTOC
(Volume table of contents). The con-
version is completed by a GOSUB in
Line 4070 to a new subroutine (lines
6000-6110) which rewrites the
VTOC and readjusts the links in the
directory. Also, Line 4070 allows for
a restart for multiple disk conver-
sions, if desired.

Note that disks without standard
DOS directories (T rack 1 7) and most
“uncopyable” disks don’t stand a nif-
fum of a chance of being converted
successfully. (Hey, that gives me
another idea . . . )

"BASED ON": TAB 11: PRINT "SINGL
E DRIVE COPY. 3" : TAB 13: PRINT
"BY STEVE ADAMS"

1010 VTAB 20: PRINT "INSERT THE DISK(

3.2) YOU WISH TO C0NVERTAND GENT
LY TOUCH RETURN TO BEGIN.":

G0SUB 5010

1020 REM

1021 REM *** FIND THE I0B ***

1022 REM

1030 A= PEEK (77): IF A>94 THEN
A=A-256 : I0B= (A+3 3) *256+23 1

1040 REM

1041 REM *** LOAD CONTROLLING ***

1042 REM *** SUBROUTINE IN ***

1043 REM *** PAGE 0 ***

1044 REM

1050 POKE 0.169: POKE 1,I0B/256+
255*(I0B<0): POKE 2,160: POKE

vert, you will be prompted as to
which disk to insert at each point. All
of the cautions stated in the original
Apple Orchard article are still valid,
including the prohibition on chang-
ing HIMEM: and write protection of
the copy disks.

Since the original article was ade-
quately explained in the Spring
issue, I’ll attempt to explain only
the modifications which I have
introduced.

(Back issues are available at
$3.50. Write P.O. Box 1493, Beaver-
ton, OR 97050.)

Line 0 sets LOMEM: to 8460 to
reserve space for Muffin, which is
loaded at Line 500. Note that
LOMEM: must be set (Line 1) before
any variables are defined.

The comments before Line 1000
were moved to the end for speed pur-
poses, and PRINTing in Lines
1000-1010, 4090, and 4100, was
changed to reflect the new version.
(The speed didn’t seem to improve,
but in my heart I know I was right.)

Lines 1067, 4035, and 4037
change DOS pointers to the ap-

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 67

1060

1061

1062

106

1065

1067

3,232: POKE 4.32: POKE 5,217

: POKE 6,3: POKE 7,96

REM

REM *** LOAD THE VTOC INTO ***
REM *#* MEMORY STARTING ***

REM *** AT $02D0 ***

REM

IBVOL=IOB+4 : IBTRK=IOB+5 : IBSECT:
IOB+6 : IBBUFP=IOB+1 0 : IBCMD=IOB+

P^KE -17152,76: POKE -17151
,0: POKE -17150,30: REM MUFFIN

RWTS

1070 POKE IBVOL.O: POKE IBTRK. 17
: POKE IBSECT, 0: POKE IBBUFP-
1,208: POKE IBBUFP,2: POKE
IBCMD.1: CALL RWTS
1080 BITMAP=776

2000 REM

2001 REM *** THE TABLE STARTS ***

2002 REM *** AT "TBL" ***

2003 REM

2010 TBL= PEEK (204)+ PEEK (205)
*256+1 : PTR=TBL

2020 VTAB 10: TAB 15: PRINT "I'M THIN
KING"

2030 REM

2031 REM *** READ "BIT MAPS" IN ***

2032 REM *** THE VTOC AND CON- ***

2033 REM *** VERT TO BINARY ***

2034 REM

2040 FOR TRK=3 TO 34 : BYTE 1 =BITMAP+
TRK*4 :BYTE2=BYTE1+1 :SEC=12
2050 A= PEEK (BYTE1 ) : IF A#255 THEN
2070:SEC=4

2060 A= PEEK (BYTE2) : IF A=248 THEN

2100

2070 B=A/ 128: A=A-B* 128: GOSUB 3020
:B=A/64:A=A-B*64: GOSUB 3020
:B=A/32:A=A-B*32: GOSUB 3020
:B=A/16:A=A-B*16: GOSUB 3020
:B=A/8:A=A-B*8: GOSUB 3020

2080 IF SEC<0 THEN 2100

2090 B=A/4 : A=A-B*4 : GOSUB 3020 :B=

A/2 : A=A-B*2 : GOSUB 3020:B=A:
GOSUB 3020

2095 GOTO 2060

2100 IF TRK<3 THEN 2120

2110 A= PEEK (BYTE1 ) :B= PEEK (BYTE2)

: POKE BYTE1 , A/8+224: POKE
BYTE2,B/8+(A MOD 8)*32: REM CON-
VERT BITMAP

2120 NEXT TRK : GOTO 4010

3000 REM

3001 REM *** IF THE TRACK BIT ***

3002 REM *** MAP INDICATES AN ***

3003 REM *** IN-USE SECTOR. ***

3004 REM *** POKE TRK & SEC ***

3005 REM *** INTO THE TABLE ***

3006 REM *** STARTING AT "TBL" ***

3007 REM

3020 IF B THEN 3030: POKE PTR. TRK:
POKE PTR+1 , SEC: PTR=PTR+2

3030 SEC=SEC-1 : RETURN

4000 REM

4001 REM **** COPY ****

4002 REM

4010 BUFLO=(PTR) MOD 256:BUFHI=(

PTR)/256: POKE IBBUFP-1 , BUFLO:
POKE IBBUFP , BUFHI

4020 REPS= PEEK (203)-BUFHI-( PEEK
(202XBUFL0) :OLDPTR=TBL:TBL=

PTR

4030 FOR CMD= 1 TO 2: CALL -936: IF
CMD= 1 THEN PRINT "READING":

IF CMD=2 THEN PRINT "WRITING"

: POKE IBCMD.CMD :LOC=BUFHI:
PTR=OLDPTR

4035

4037

4040

4045

4050

4060

4070

4080

4090

4100

4110

5000

5001

5002

5010

5020

6000

6001

6002

6010

6020

6030

6040

6050

6060

6070

6080

6090

6100

6110

9000

9010

9020

9030

9040

9050

9060

9070

9060

9090

9100

9110

9120

9130

9140

9150

POKE -17152,76: POKE -17151
,0: POKE -17150,30: REM MUFFIN
RWTS

IF CMD=1 THEN 4040: POKE -17152
, 132: POKE -17151,72: POKE
-17150,133: REM 3.3 RWTS
FOR REP= 1 TO REPS: POKE IBTRK,
PEEK (PTR): POKE IBSECT, PEEK
(PTR+1): POKE IBBUFP, LOC
VTAB 3: PRINT "TRACK=" ; PEEK
(IBTRK):: TAB 12: PRINT "SEC="

: PEEK (IBSECT);" »

CALL RWTS

LOC=LOC+1 : PTR=PTR+2 : IF PTR#

TBL THEN 4080

IF CMD= 1 THEN 4090: GOSUB 6010
: CALL -936: PRINT "FINISHED"

: PRINT : INPUT "ANOTHER DISK ( 1
=Y/0=N)",A: IF A=1 THEN 1000
: END
NEXT REP

FOR A= 1 TO 1000: NEXT A: CALL
-936: VTAB 5: PRINT "INSERT THE
IF CMD= 1 THEN PRINT "DUPLICA
TE(3.3)";

IF CMD=2 THEN PRINT "0RIGINAL(3.
2)":: PRINT " AND HIT RETURN"

: GOSUB 5010

NEXT CMD:OLDPTR=PTR: GOTO 4030
REM

REM *** WAIT FOR 'RETURN' ***

REM

POKE -I 6368 .O

IF PEEK (-16384)#141 THEN 5020
: POKE -16368,0: CALL -936:
RETURN
REM

REM *** HANDLE TRK 17 *** '

REM

CALL -936: VTAB 3: PRINT "REVISI
NG VTOC & DIR"

POKE 722,15: POKE 723,3: POKE
726,254: POKE 773,16: POKE
844.0

POKE IBTRK, 17: POKE IBSECT,

0: POKE IBBUFP-1 ,208: POKE
IBBUFP, 2: CALL RWTS: REM REWRITE
VTOC

FOR A= 1 2 TO 1 STEP -1

POKE IBSECT, A: POKE IBCMD,1

: CALL RWTS: REM READ DIR

POKE 721,17: POKE 722, A+2: POKE

IBSECT, A+3: POKE IBCMD.2 : CALL

RWTS: REM SHIFT & REWRITE

NEXT A: FOR A=720 TO 975: POKE

A , 0 : NEXT A: REM DO LAST 3

POKE IBSECT, 1: CALL RWTS

POKE 721,17: POKE 722,1: POKE

IBSECT, 2: CALL RWTS

POKE 722,2: POKE IBSECT, 3= CALL

RWTS

RETURN

REM ***************************

REM * *

REM * SINGLE DRIVE CONVERT *

REM * 3.2 -> 3-3 *

REM * *

REM ********#*###**###****##***

REM *
REM *
REM *
REM *
REM *
REM *
REM *

BY DANA J. SCHWARTZ
WASHINGTON APPLE PI

BASED ON

SINGLE DRIVE COPY. 3

BY STEVE ADAMS

REM *APPLE ORCHARD SPRING 1981* /

REM * *

REM ***************************

PAGE 68

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

USER GROUP FORUM

Conducted by Randy Fields

NOTE: The International Apple
Core (IAC) receives many re-
quests for information about
starting and running Apple
Users’ Groups. I’ve asked Randy
Fields to conduct this column to
discuss many facets of Club ac-
tivities in a practical way. Randy
is Past President of the San Fran-
cisco Apple Core, and is the
IAC’s New Club Assistance
Chairman. His sometimes pain-
fully-won background in club
policies, procedures, and prac-
tices is here for all of us; write if
you have questions about Club
matters.

— PCW

Why form an Apple Users’
Group? The reason is very simple: to
share information. Naturally, there
are others: to make friends who
share a common interest in Apple
computers, to learn about events in
the fast-moving microcomputer
world, to swap software your mem-
bers have developed (and NOT copy-
righted software), to make business
and personal contacts, etc. The num-
ber of goals for a Users’ Group is vir-
tually limitless; and different people
in the group have different goals. (It is
failure to recognize that last fact that
accounts for 90 percent of the “trou-
ble” in Clubs.)

How do You Start an Apple
Users’ Group? Starting a Club is the
essence of simplicity. All you do is
announce to the world that it is there,
and what the Club’s name is. I sug-
gest that you send a list of tentative
names to the IAC with a request that
it check for the same or similar
names. (Virtually every pun or play
on words involving things related to

fruit-type apples either is in use or
has been discarded after its cuteness
wore off. . .)

Once you have your Club’s name
and have rounded up a few friends,
you’re on your way to a better knowl-
edge of the Apple, the available hard-
ware, firmware and software for it,
and the many opportunities ever-
present in the microcomputing
world. Just a few cautions: check
with computer stores and other
sources in nearby communities (or
the IAC Member Club List in this Ap-
ple Orchard) for existing Apple
users’ groups, because it may be
more advantageous to join and sup-
port an existing group rather than to
fragment the effort with a new Club.
If you do go ahead with a new Club,
check with City Hall or the County
Clerk about possible legal require-
ments for club-type organizations.

Before going any further, of
course, you should join the Interna-
tional Apple Core.

Where Should You Meet? A typi-
cal progression of meeting places is:
first at the members’ homes, then at
a local computer store or stores, and
finally at “community service’’
rooms available at banks, savings &
loans, public buildings, etc. One
member should be assigned to the
“meeting place liaison” function to
make user that the providers of
space are satisfied with your mem-
bers’ activities, and to be on the look-
out for larger meeting rooms. Apple
users’ groups have a tendency to ex-
pand and to outgrow meeting
places!

How Does Your Club Expand
Membership? Since computer
stores sell Apples, they are the logi-
cal place to let people know of your
Club’s existence. Most computer
stores will let you put up a notice
about your Club; the notice should
include the Club’s name, when and
where the next meeting will be, and
the name and telephone number of a
member to call for additional infor-

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• Compatible with Apple DOS 3. 2/3.3, Pascal 1.1 and
CPM 2.2 (with the Z80 soft card by Microsoft)

• 2K x 8 PROM contains Autoboot functions and all
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— Light pen input supported in firmware (light

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them on ROMPLUS. $175 00

• Z80 CPU on Apple Card

• CP/M 2.2 by Digital Research

• Microsoft BASIC MBASIC 5.0

• GBASIC 5.0 includes Apple

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• File transfer functions for reading NOW IN STOCK

13 or 16 sector Apple diskettes n n i ie+

• Will use 80 x 24 cards & terminals * J4y,uu L st

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25 CPS printspeed
Static print impact
136 printable columns
1/120-inch min. char spacing
1/48-inch min. line spacing
1000 msec, line feed time
40 msec, line feed time
381 mm (15”) max. paper width
Multistrike fabric black ribbon
96 print characters
Standard 96 character wheel
Standard parallel or RS232 C Compatible
115V ±10%, 50/60 Hz, 70 W power requirements

NEW

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Enhancement package for
Wordstar available now.

$175.00

$1895

> PLUG-IN CARD.

' Microsoft’s new RAMCard
simply plugs into your Apple II,
and adds 16K bytes of
dependable, buffered read/write

Locksmith Ver. 3.1

Back-up your valuable software
only

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PAGE 70

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

mation. The store may allow you to
leave some membership forms on a
counter or in the magazine rack. Be-
cause a main purpose of an Apple
users’ group is to spread information
about products available for Apples,
the computer store should provide
information; it’s good business. If
they don’t help your Club, first check
to see if some personal conflict has
poisoned the relationship. If it hasn’t,
then do business elsewhere; a store
that won’t hlep a rational user group
is obviously crazy.

Other ways of expanding mem-
bership include local newspapers,
radio and television stations, notices
on public bulletin boards, etc. If you
set up your club as a “non-profit” or-
ganization, the media may allow you
“public service” space or time. Be in-
ventive, but not illegal, in spreading
the word.

What Should Members Expect
and What Should You Expect From
Members? There are typically three
types of club meetings: General
meetings, Executive meetings, and
Interest Group meetings. The gen-
eral meeting can be held about once
a month, and can have a club activi-
ties section, member announce-
ments, and demonstrations.

Demonstrations, by the way, are a
very important part of the general
meeting. Some of the members
develop software of which they are
proud, and would like to show to
other members. Another source of
demonstrations is new product re-
leases from software and hardware
distributors, which local computer
stores would be happy to show. You
can even have a member or two re-
view a product (old or new) to
demonstrate its functions and limita-
tions to the membership. It is possi-
ble to arrange “theme” demos
around particular types of software
or hardware, such as word proces-
sors, printers, “adventure” games,
data bases, etc.

It’s also possible to write to either
the producer or distributor of hard-
ware or software, and ask them or
their local representative for a
demonstration. The likelihood of
agreement depends on your Club
size and location, but you may be
surprised at the willingness of many
good firms to come and visit you, or
arrange to swing off an existing trip
itinerary to drop by. You don’t have
to be in California.

Don’t hesitate to ask for volun-
teers at a general meeting. These
volunteers are the people who make
the club function. Whether the Club
has ten or a thousand members,
chances are the “worker core group”
will number between five and nine.
Without them, virtually nothing hap-
pens. Be sure to make the particular
job “appetizing” in terms of benefits
that the volunteer will derive, such as
a free Disk of the Month, etc.

The governing meetings should
be held a few days to a week before
the General Meeting, and the agenda
for that meeting made final; make
sure that the demonstrations will in
fact be there, etc. Other business of
the Club should be discussed in a
structured way; reports from offices,
reports from committees, old busi-
ness, new business, comments from
members, etc. Remember to invite
the members to attend the govern-
ing meetings; the Club is an open af-
fair, and those who do come are
likely to be your next volunteers.
(Always thank someone who com-
plains about something not being
done for volunteering to help.)

Organization and Financing. A
sample Constitution and By-Laws is
available from the IAC Secretary, as
part of the IAC membership services.
The key is to have just enough organ-
ization to get the job done. Remem-
ber too that individuals get work
done, not structures; don’t turn ’em
off with too many procedures, poli-
cies, forms, etc. On the other hand,
some structure must exist. On this
question, nobody else’s solution will
work for you.

For financing Club activities, the
primary source of funds is member
dues. Typically, dues of $15-25 are
reasonable. Printed membership
cards showing the member’s name
and membership expiration date are
useful, particularly if you work out an
arrangement with one or more stores
for copying, etc. Maintain the mem-
bership list with a mailing list or data
base program that can print labels;
you’ll need it.

It’s important to maintain a good
set of financial records. Without this
information it will be difficult to
make decisions on the expenditure
of Club funds. If you don’t have a
handy accountant (check your mem-
bership list), investigate the possi-
bility of hiring a local bookkeeping
service as your membership passes
50 or so. And, since there are some

good general ledger programs avail-
able for the Apple (remember, this is
related to computers), the process is
less of a problem. VisiCalc can also
help you understand past perfor-
mance and future projections.

What’s Coming? We’ve scratched
the surface of a number of topics,
about which I’m sure you have some
thoughts. Mow that we’re up and
running, we’ll discuss in future issues
other facets of Club activities,
including:

— Club Officers
— Committees

— Division of work load and duties
— Newsletters

— Member-developed Software
— Equipment needs
— Special Interest Groups
— Club Education Programs
— More, including your questions or

comments.

From time to time, IAC member
groups will be receiving information
directly from the IAC on specific club
activities. Please write me at the IAC
address if you have a particular prob-
lem area, question, information, or
warning.

(continued from page 33)

G — Prompt disappears

V — error (system beeps)

W — Write disk? (Disk drive starts to
spin, “scratch disk” caused, and 82!
(error).

X — Prompt disappears sometimes
and the Apple III makes a soft (barely
audible) high frequency pitch
change. Other times, one or two lines
are listed after the current pointer
(line X.Y).

The only Control characters I noticed
that were useful were:

(Ctrl-X) kill currently typed line.

(Ctrl-H) Backspace.

Well, that’s all I’ve come up with,
for now. If anyone finds any new
functions or features, or can explain
some of the unknown functions or
syntax, let us know. This is our first
venture into the Apple Ill's internals.
Maybe you’ll enjoy using a little de-
tective work on the system.
Remember, it is this kind of inquiry
that brought us many of the details of
the Apple II.

Why would anyone spend $59.95 for a joystick?

Super

Joystick

Star Wars. Played with paddles, it’s difficult
at best and frustrating at worst. But with
a joystick it becomes an entirely new
experience. It’s still challenging. It’s also
fun. And very addictive.

Have you ever used a drawing program
in which one paddle controls the horizontal
movement of the ’brush” and the other
paddle the vertical? It’s slow, tedious work.
But with a joystick, drawing is an absolute
joy.

Exceptional Precision

The Apple high-resolution screen is divided
into a matrix of 160 by 280 pixels. To do
precise work on this screen, you need a
precise device. Most potentiometers used
in paddle controls are not quite linear. If
you rotate a paddle control at a constant
speed, you’ll notice that the cursor speeds
up slightly at the beginning and end of the
paddle rotation.

The Super Joystick has a pure resistive
circuit which is absolutely linearwithin one
tenth of one percent. In other words it would
give you precise control over an image of
1000 by 1000 pixels, were such resolution
available. Thus it is suitable for high precision
professional applications as well as educa-
tional and hobbyist ones.

Matched to your application

The Super Joystick also has two external
trim adjustments, one for each direction.
This allows you to perfectly match the unit
to your application and computer. Say you
want to work in a square area instead of the
rectangular screen. Just reduce the horizontal
size with the trim control.

How many times have you played Space
Invader and had yourthumb ache for hours
from the repeated button pressing? This
won’t happen with the Super Joystick. It’s
two pushbuttons are big. Moreover, they
use massive contact surfaces with a life of
well over 1 ,000,000 contacts. A few games
of Super Invader using these big buttons
will justify the purchase of the Super Joy-
stick.

The Super Joystick is self-centering in
both directions. That means when you take
your hand off it, the control will return to the
center. However, if you want it to stay where
you leave it, self-centering may be easily
disabled.

The Super Joystick plugs right into the
paddle control socket and doesn’t require
an I/O slot.

High-quality construction

The sturdy metal case of the Super Joystick
matches that of the Apple computer. Every
component used is the very highest quality
available. The Super Joystick even uses a
full 16-conductor ribbon cable so you can
add a second joystick if you wish. The first
Super Joystick replaces Paddles 0 and 1.
You may not realize it, but the Apple can
support four paddle controls. A second Super
Joystick would replace Paddles 2 and 3.

Are the paddle controllers on your Apple
wearing out? Or did you get a new Apple
without paddles?

We’ve got good news for you! Super
Paddles. Each paddle control consists of a
high-precision linear potentiometer and a
big (1/2” D) industrial-quality pushbutton
mounted in a sturdy 4” x 2” x 1 ” metal case
which matches the Apple. Each of the two
paddles is connected with a long 5-foot cable
to the Apple paddle socket.

Every component in a set of Super Paddles
isthe very finestquality available. The set is
backed by a 90-day limited warranty from
the manufacturer as well as Peripherals Plus’
moneyback guarantee of satisfaction.

To order, send $39.95 plus $2.00 postage
and handling (NJ residents add $2.00 sales
tax) to the address below. Credit card
customers may call orders to our toll-free
number.

By removing two springs, self-centering
can be defeated.

We invite your comparison of the Super
Joystick with any other unit available. Order
it and use it for 30 days. If you’re not
completely satisfied, return it for a prompt
and courteous refund plus your return
postage. You can’t lose.

The Super Joystick consists of a self-
centering, linear joystick, two trim controls,
and two pushbuttons mounted in an attractive
case. It comes complete with an instruction
booklet and 90-day limited warranty. Cost
is $59.95.

Order Today

To order the Super Joystick send $59.95
plus $2.00 postage and handling (NJ
residents add $3.00 sales tax) to our address
below.

Experience the joys of using the world’s
finest joystick. Order your Super Joystick
at no obligation today.

39 East Hanover Ave.
Morris Plains, NJ 07950
Toll-free 800 - 631-8112
(In NJ 201-540-0445)

FREE

48-Page

Catalog

A new, free 48-page catalog is free
from Creative Computing and Periph-
erals Plus. To help buyers make intelli-
gent purchasing decisions, the product
descriptions are exceptionally compre-
hensive and include screen photos in the
software section.

The catalog describes 20 books on pro-
gramming, games, and educational appli-
cations; 160 software packages for
Apple, Atari, TRS-80, PET, CP/M, Tl, Sor-
cerer and Sol computers; 3 magazines
(Creative Computing, Microsystems, and
SYNC)\ 5 graphicsand music peripherals;
an LP record; board game; 8 T-shirts and
an eclectic assortment of other products
for the personal computer user.

To get your free copy, simply drop a
card or note to the address below.

creative conspatiRg

Attn: Debbie

39 East Hanover Avenue
Morris Plains, NJ 07960

PAGE 72

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

IAC MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION

The International Apple Core is a
non-profit organization composed of
Apple computer user groups
throughout the world. Membership
is available to user groups as Full
Members, to companies and individ-
uals as Sponsors, and to educational
and charitable institutions as Asso-
ciates. Details of memberships are
described below.

The IAC was formed to dissemi-
nate all types of information from
Apple clubs and the related compu-
ter industry. Our publication, the
Apple Orchard, provides the latest
and best information on a quarterly
basis. Membership includes a sub-
scription. Members also receive
technical information in the form of
Apnotes. These cover Apple Compu-
ters, related equipment, and related
products from other manufacturers.
Timely and fast-breaking news is
covered in our monthly Bulletin.

FULL MEMBERSHIP

Apple user clubs are the principle
reason for the IAC’s existence today.
We provide them many services
beyond information dissemination.
A newsletter exchange coordinator
facilitates newsletter swapping be-
tween clubs. Our software librarian
collects and distributes public do-
main software. Depending on the
software’s availability, new diskettes
are sent out as frequently as once a
month. We support special interest
groups which our member clubs can-
not: education, handicapped, medi-
cal, ham radio, and legal SIG’s are ex-
amples. The Orchard publishes a
complete list of our member clubs so
that interested users may easily get

in touch. There is even a committee
just to help new Apple clubs get
started.

As a Full Member, your club will
be able to participate in the election
of IAC Directors. Directors provide
an important link between member
clubs and the IAC. As your represen-
tatives they set the IAC’s policies and
guide its administration. When
schedules permit, the Directors and
Officers are available to meet with
clubs for personal input and ex-
change of ideas.

Full Membership is open to all Ap-
ple Computer User Groups. The
combined initiation fee and annual
dues will be $50.00 (U.S.) for 1981.
To enroll your club, simply return a
completed application form with
your first year’s dues.

SPONSORS

Manufacturers having business re-
lated to Apple Computers need
timely access to information that the
IAC distributes. In addition many will
seek access to the IAC membership
for business interests, either to pro-
mote a product or to conduct market
research. The Sponsoring member-
ship is tailored to meet commercial
interests.

In addition to the information sent
to all members, Sponsors receive
several benefits. Up to date mailing
lists of our membership will be sent
on request. Sponsors are given pref-
erential placement of their advertis-
ing in the Orchard. Also, Sponsors
are listed in each issue of the
Orchard. Sponsors are welcome to
participate in all the activities of the
IAC, and are encouraged to explore

marketing potential with the IAC
administration.

The Sponsoring membership is
open to all corporations and individ-
uals that wish it. The annual mem-
bership fee during 1981 has been set
at $200. Membership extends for a
full 12 months.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIPS

The Associate Membership was
created to help educational, re-
search, and charitable institutions
that have an interest in Apple Com-
puters but cannot join the IAC for
financial reasons. Associate mem-
bers receive only the printed mater-
ials sent to all members. If software
and other additional IAC services are
desired, the institution is encour-
aged to organize a user group which
may apply for Full Membership.

The Associate Membership is
open only to non-profit institutions
at no cost. Membership applications
must be accompanied by evidence
that the institution is non-profit. If the
membership will be care of an indi-
vidual, evidence must be provided
that the individual represents the en-
tire institution to the IAC. Pease sub-
mit whatever you feel is appropriate
to demonstrate these requirements.
Due to the diversity of institutions
and countries, the IAC cannot set any
fast rules. Associate Membership ap-
plications will be judged on their
merit by the IAC President.

For information on becoming a
member of IAC please write:

International Apple Core

P.O. Box 976

Daly City, CA 94017

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 73

(continued from page 44)

FOR i : = 1 to LENGTH ( InF i 1 e ) DO

IF InF i 1 e C I 3 IN C ' a 7 . . ' z 7 3 THEN

InFileCi3 := chr (ord ( InFileCiD ) - 32 );

{. Open the DOS file and make sure it worked >

if NOT OPENDOS * catun i t / InFile) -C Get a file >
then EXIT (readdos ) ;

WRITELN* 'Transferring file ');

IF filelock THEN WRITE*'*-')

ELSE WRITE* 7 7 );

WRITE (realf iletype, 7 7 );

WRITE *f ilelength: 3, 7 7 );

WRITELN* filename);

WRITELN;

■i Get output file name and open it >

WRITE* 'Transfer to: * DEV: FNAME ) ? ');

READLN * Ou tFi 1 e ) ;

IF length * Ou tFi 1 e ) = 0 THEN EX IT * r ead d os ) ;
REWRITE < f out / OutFile);

< notify the user that we are doing something so >

< they will not get impatient and start pushing >

{. buttons *like reset) >

WRITELN* 'Wait a while. I will notify you 7 );
WRITELN* 7 when the transfer is complete 7 );

{. Read the Address and Length and put them on the>

•C first two lines if (and only if) this is a 7 B 7 >

< file * b inary ) . >

< This takes care of Binary files that hold text >

< If you want to do something else/ you can >

•C change this part. >

IF realfiletype = 7 B 7 THEN BEGIN
WRITELN* f out / ReadBy teDOS+

Read By t eD0S*256 ) ;

WRITELN* f out / ReadBy teDOS+

ReadBy t eD0S**256 ) ;

END;

< Read the file and write it to the desired unit >
REPEAT

WR ITE * f out / ReadCharDOS);

UNTIL EOFDOS or * ERRDOS < > 0);

< Well/ thats all folks ... >

{ So. . . close up the files and tell 7 em we 7 re through >

CLOSEJDOS;

CLOSE ( f ou t / LOCK);

WRITELN* 'Your file is converted ... ');

WRITELN* 'Push < RETURN > button to continue');
READLN(ans);

1 ddd °7 irectory

POSTPAID

INCLUDING

DOCUMENTATION

|wwwww| R| JER

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BY VALJ. GOLDING

• Creates Fancy File Names in Seconds

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4147-0 California Ave. S.W.
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SPECIFY DOS 3.2 or 3.3 WHEN ORDERING

*COPY PROTECTED DISKETTE
* BACK UP ON REVERSE*

PAGE 74

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
SPONSORING MEMBERS

IAC Sponsors are a special breed.
They are the organizations who con-
tribute to and support many IAC acti-
vities. In addition, they provide us ap-
plication notes concerning their
products — notes that show new and
different ways to utilize the Spon-
sors’ products with modifications for
special purposes. When you con-
sider a software or product purchase,
give our sponsors special considera-
tion; they have shown that they care
about their customers.

Apple Computer Inc.

10260 Bandley Drive
Cupertino, CA 95014
(408) 996-1010

Axiom Corporation

1014 Griswold Avenue
San Fernando CA 91340
(213) 365-9521

Belk Enterprises

125 E. Alton Avenue
Santa Ana, CA 92707
(714) 641-0945

Bell & Howell

7100 McCormick Road
Chicago, IL 60645
(312) 262-1600

Compuserve-Micronet
5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43220
(614) 457-8600

Creative Computing

39 E. Hanover Avenue
Morris Plains, NJ 07960
(201) 540-0445

Custom Computing Systems, Inc.

122 Second Avenue North
Saskatoon, Sask. Canada
S7K 2B2
(306) 664-8933

dilithium Press
P.O. Box 606
Beaverton, OR 97075
(503) 243-1160

Epson America, Inc.

23844 Hawthorne Blvd.

Torrance, CA 90505
(213) 378-2220

Hayes Microcomputer Products

5835 Peachtree Corners East
Norcross, GA 30092
(404) 449-8791

Image Computer Products, Inc.

615 Academy Drive
Northbrook, IL 60062

Interactive Structures, Inc.

P.O. Box 404

Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004

(215) 667-1713

Malibu Electronics Corp.

2301 Townsgate Road
Westlake Village, CA 91361
(805) 469-1990

Mountain Computer, Inc.

300 Harvey West Blvd.

Santa Cruz, CA 95060

Nestar Systems, Inc.

2585 East Bayshore Road
Palo Alto, CA 94303
(415) 493-2223

Okidata Corporation

111 Gaither Drive
Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054
(609) 235-2600

Peachtree Software

3 Corporate Square, Suite 700
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 325-8533

Peripherals Unlimited

2105 Sheriff Court
Vienna, VA 22180

Siro-tech Software Products

6 Main Street
Ogdensburg, NY 13669
(315) 393-5151

Source Telecomputing Corp.

1616 Anderson Road
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 821-6660

SSM Microcomputer Products,
Inc.

2190 Paragon Drive
San Jose, CA 95131
(408) 946-7400

Syntauri, Ltd.

3506 Waverly Street
Palo Alto, CA 94306
(415) 494-1017

Verbatim Corporation

323 Soquel Way
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(408) 245-4400

Vista Computer Company

1317 E. Edinger Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
(714) 953-0523

Xerox Retail Markets Div.

7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 306
Oakland, CA 94621
(415) 632-5808

(For information on Sponsoring
Membership in the IAC, write to:
Sponsors, IAC, P.O. Box 976, Daly
City, CA 94017).

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 75

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
MEMBER CLUB ROSTER

6/81

This roster of member clubs is di-
rected primarily at Apple Orchard
readers who either currently don’t
belong to any Club, or who are look-
ing for additional sources of informa-
tion. The roster is arranged alpha-
betically by country and state/
province. In addition, some clubs
have a membership, publication
and/or software services which go
beyond local geographic bounda-
ries. Readers may wish to contact
these Clubs and request a sample
newsletter. If you do, we recommend
enclosing a check for two dollars to
cover their postage and handling
costs.

AUSTRALIA

EMU

Box 3143, G.P.O.

Sydney 2001, NSW Australia

APPLE USER’S CLUB
8 Leemon Street

Condell Park, NSW Australia 2200

W.A.U.G.

P.O. Box 19
Wondai, Queensland
Australia 4606

S. AUSTRALIAN APPLE USERS
CLUB

do Computerland, 125 Pirie St.
Adelaide, So. Australia 5000

TAS APPLE USERS CLUB
422 Elizabeth St.

North Hobart, Tasmania
Australia 7000

MICOM
P.O. Box 60
Canterbury, Victoria
Australia 3126

APPLE USERS CLUB
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
269 Marmion St.

Cottlesloe, W. A.

Australia 6011

AUSTRIA

APPLE USER CLUB AUSTRIA

P.O. Box 51

A-l 181 Wien, Austria 0

BRAZIL

BRAZIL APPLE CLUBE
Rua Maestro Pena 90
Porto Allegre, Brazil 90 000

CANADA

APPLE B. C. USERS SOCIETY
# 101-2044 West Third Avenue
Vancouver, B.C. Canada

OTTAWA 6502 USERS GROUP
P. O. Box 6283 Station J
Ottawa, Ont. Canada K2A IT3

APPLE-CAN

P.O. Box 696 Station B

Willowdale, Ont. Canada M2K 2P9

BOLO/UB APPLE CLUB
1208 Patenaude #3
Laval, Que. Canada H76 3H2

CLUB APPLE DE MONTREAL
32 Avenue Des Erables
St. Therese DE B1 Que.

Canada J7E 3T4

CLUB DE MICRO-ORDINATEUR
ST. JEAN
P.O. Box 21

St. Jean, Que. Canada J3B 6Z1

SASK-APPLE RESEARCH GROUP
P.O. Box 291 Sub. P.O. #6
Saskatoon, Sask. Canada S7N 0W0

COLOMBIA

GRUPO USARIOS APPLE DE
COLUMBIA
A.A 91226
Bogota, Columbia

ENGLAND

BRITISH APPLE SYSTEMS USER
GROUP
P.O. Box 174

Watford, England WD2 6NF

MIDDLESEX MED SCH APPLE
CLUB

Cleveland St. — Physics Dept.
London, England W1P 6DB

FRANCE

OEDIP— APPLE
8 Place Ste. Opportune
Paris, France 75001

GERMANY (Federal Republic)

APPLE OF EUROPE
P.O. Box 4068

Hattingen, West Germany D-4320

APPLE CLUB FRANKFURT
Schweizer Str. 92
Frankfurt/M.70,

W. Germany D-6000

APPLE CLUB ROEDINGHAUSEN
Wehmerhorstsr.110
Roedinghausen, Germany D-4986

HONG KONG

HONG KONG APPLE
do Delta Communication
15 Cumberland Road, Rear Portion
Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

HONG KONG APPLE DRAGON
101 Fu House, 7 Ice House St.
Hong Kong

INDONESIA

JAKARTA APPLE CORE
International School Computer
Dept.

P.O. Box 79/KBT
Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia

PAGE 76

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

IRELAND

APPLE USERS— DUBLIN
51 Lower Camden St.
Dublin 2, Ireland

APPLE BUGS PHILLIPINES

20-29 Banchi Yamate-Cho 1 Chome

Suita City, Osaka, Japan APPLE P. I.

3rd Floor, Liberty Bldg., Pasay Rd.

NEPAL Makati/Manila, Phillipines 3116

ISRAEL

YEDA-NIKUV COMPUTERS
12 Karlibach St.

Tel Aviv, Israel 0

ITALY

MELA-MANIA APPLE USER CLUB
Cappello Via Monte Pelago 2
Ancona, Italy 60100

JAPAN

DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC
SURGERY

Takatoshi Ide-Kurume U. Sch.
Medicine

1167 Asahi-Machi, Kurume
Fukouka, Japan

BAKED APPLE

Miyadaira Apts. No. 1; 1575 Sugao
Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi
Kangawa, Japan

APPLE USERS

do Gerold V. Van Der Vlugt, M.D.
Kathmandu (ID)

Department of State
Washington, D.C. 20520

MALAYSIA

APPLE ORCHARD
Batu 3, Jalan Cheras
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

NETHERLANDS

APPLE GEBRUIKERS GROEP
NEDERLAND
Bergselaan 145 A
Rotterdam, Netherlands

NEW ZEALAND

NZ GROUP OF APPLE USERS
90 Washington Ave.

Brooklyn 2, New Zealand

SCOTLAND

APPLE— EDEN
10 Seton Terrace
Glasgow, Scotland G31 2HU

SOUTH AFRICA

TAC2 APPLE USERS GROUP
P.O. Box 87421
Houghton, South Africa 2041

SPAIN

CATALUNYA APPLE CLUB
Fabra y Puig 389 E/4
Barcelona-31, Spain

SWEDEN

APPLE USERS GROUP SWEDEN
Norra Valvagen 24
Kristianstad, 291 32 Sweden

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AVANT-GARDE CREATIONS
HAS SOFTWARE

Over SO disks available in areas of educa-
tion, art/ design , games, business, utilities,
and self-transformation!

WRITE FOR CATALOGS

The Creativity Tool Box Draw, write poetry, music. Includes Action
Sounds, Hi-Res Scrolling, routines, shape tables and shape view program, utilities,
animation demo, and fonts. $44.95

“...impressive, .satisfying. ..interesting.. .fun!” Peelings (The Magazine of Software
Reviews) • :

“truly different.. .unique.. .the program Is an enjoyable one... cute... very interesting...
new... nice.. .a good value! Apple Orchard (Winter)

WE HAVE MORE!

Chambers of Xenobia A new adventure game with Hi-Res & sounds

/ $15.95

5 Great Games! Animal Bingo, Jungle Safari, Space Defense, Sky Watcher,
Air Traffic Controller $29.95 (or $9.95 each)

5 More Great Games! Deep Sea Treasure, Mystery Code, Depth Charge,
The Mine Fields of Normalcy, Turn ‘Em Loose $29.95 (or $9.95 each)

The Complete Mailing Label & Filing System Filing, label-
making, binary sort, dynamic sorting, directory, quick>find, formatted reports, char-
acter code sorts, zip or alphabetical order, two-level sorting and more!

$59.95 (4 disks and 3 manuals)

Sentence Diagramming Educational, grades 6-12 $19.95

Action Soiinps & Hi-Res Scrolling Designed to give your pro- ,
gram the excitement of action & sound $15.95

Super Draw & Write Fonts, drawing, and useful utilities $15.95

Super Shape Draw & Animate The best system yet, it works...
create and/or animate shape tables like a dream... $34.95

Demo Disk 1 Some of our best stuff $9.95

Demo Disk II More of our best $9.95

And introducing: The Zenith Education Systems

Easy-to-use programs designed to aid in creation, modification, monitoring and
grading lesson material. Demonstration package available for $10.00 ( includes 2
disks and a booklet) Complete Z.E.S. System $250.00

ALL OF OUR SOFTWARE IS WRITTEN IN APPLESOFT* , 48K, DISK

OfL lV . -iL f

AVANT-GARDE CREATIONS DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

P.O. Box 30160 Eugene, OR 97403 VISA/MASTERCARD

(503) 345-3043 (12pm-6pm 7 days a week)

* Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 77

SWITZERLAND

MICROCLUB

A. Rte. Villeret 48

St. Imier, Switzerland CH 2610

VENEZUELA

APPLE USERS OF PARAGUANA
G. sanderson — c/o Lagoven S.A.
Apt. 47

Judibana; Falcon
Venezuela 4147A

YUGOSLAVIA

APPLE CLUB ZAGREB
Ruzmarinka 5, 41000
Zagreb, Yugoslavia 0

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Alabama

APPLE CORPS OF BIRMINGHAM
P.O. Box 3321 -A
Birmingham, AL 35255

NEWTON’S TREE APPLE USER
GROUP

3714 Lakewood Circle
Huntsville, AL 3581 1

QUAD CITIES APPLE BYTERS
129 E. Oak Hill Drive
Florence, AL 35630

Arkansas

LITTLE ROCK APPLE ADDICTS
P.O. Box 55215 Hillcrest Sta.

Little Rock, AR 72205

Arizona

ADAM-II

P.O. Box 34056

Phoenix, AZ 85206

TUCSON APPLE USERS GROUP
Pima College
2202 W. Anklam Rd.

Tucson, AZ 85709

GILA VALLEY APPLE GROWERS
ASS’N.

c/o Synergistics, P.O. Box 1077
Thatcher, AZ 85552

MOUNTAIN VIEW APPLE USERS
GROUP

1923 Viola Drive
Sierra Vista, AZ 85635

APPLE C.A.R.T.

P.O. Box 2361
Page, AZ 86040

California

HFEA APPLE COMPUTER USERS
GROUP

417 Meadowbrook Place
Anaheim, CA 92801

PLACER COUNTY ED.

FILM CEN.

1228 High Street
Auburn, CA 95603

APPLE BUG

4509 Millbrook Way

Bakersfield, CA 93309

LERC ACES
P.O. Box 551
Burbank, CA 91520

TRI-NETWORK APPLE USERS
GROUP
8041 Sadring
Canoga Park, CA 91304

AEROSPACE APPLE USER
GROUP

28901 Lotusgarden Dr.

Canyon Country, CA 91351

HESEA APPLE COMPUTER CLUB
21111 Dolores #146
Carson, CA 90745

ABACUS USER GROUP
2850 Jennifer Drive
Castro Valley, CA 94546

ORIGINAL APPLE CORPS
12804 Magnolia
Chino, CA 91710

APPLE FOR THE TEACHER
5848 Riddio St.

Citrus Heights, CA 95610

EV AC

250 Vi W. Center, Apt. B
Covina, CA 91723

APPLE VALLEY COMPUTER
CLUB

4900 Newcastle
Encino, CA 91316

UCLA APPLE USERS GROUP
17565 Bullock St.

Encino, CA 91316

APPLE SAC
P.O. Box 874
Fairoaks, CA 95628

RIDGECREST APPLE GROUP
Star Rt. Box 1 09E
Inyokern, CA 93527

S.P.A.C.E.

4546 El Camino Real
Los Altos, CA 94022

L.A. APPLE USERS GROUP
9513 Hindry PI.

Los Angeles, CA 90045

JPL COMPUTER/APPLE CLUB
24575 Spartan St.

Mission Viejo, CA 92691

SILICON APPLE PROGRAMMERS
SOC.

18138 Bancroft Ave.

Monte Sereno, CA 95030

NORTH COUNTY COMPUTER
CLUB

2521 Oceanside Blvd.

Oceanside, CA 92054

APPLE CORPS OF SAN DIEGO
279 Satinwood Way
San Diego, CA 92114

SAN FRANCISCO APPLE CORE
1515 Sloat Blvd.

San Francisco, CA 94132

BLOSSUM VALLEY APPLE CLUB
5821 Cottle Road
San Jose, CA 95123

APPLE MUG
c/o Med Logic Systems
2030 E. 4th St. # 133
Santa Ana, CA 92705

SANTA BARBARA APPLE USERS
GROUP
2007 State St.

Santa Barbara, CA 93105

APPLE P.I.E.

337 Montclair
Santa Clara, CA 95051

SANTA CRUZ APPLE GROUP
P.O. Box 1428
Santa Cruz, CA 95061

S.M.A.L. APPLE
223 S. Broadway
Santa Maria, CA 93454

SOURCE APPLE USERS GROUP
2525 Beverly Ave. # 9
Santa Monica, CA 90405

APPLEPICKERS
P.O. Box 4208
Santa Rosa, CA 95402

APPLE PI

171 E. Thousand Oaks Blvd.

Ste. 104

Thousand Oaks, CA 91360

APPLE JACKS
4818 Reese Road
Torrance, CA 90505

SOUTH BAY APPLES COMPUTER
CLUB

506 Ridgewood Dr.

Vacaville, CA 95688

APPLEHOLICS ANONYMOUS
c/o Byte Shop, 155 Morse Ave.
Ventura, CA 93003

(continued on page 80)

#The Newest In

Apple Fun

We’ve taken five of our most popular programs and
combined them into one tremendous package full of
fun and excitement. This disk-based package now of-
fers you these great games:

Mimic — How good is your memory? Here’s a chance
to find out! Your Apple will display a sequence of
figures on a 3 x 3 grid. You must respond with the ex-
act same sequence, within the time limit.

There are five different, increasingly difficult ver-
sions of the game, including one that will keep going
indefinitely. Mimic is exciting, fast paced and
challenging — fun for all!

Air Flight Simulation — Your mission: Take off and
land your aircraft without crashing. You’re flying
blind — on instruments only.

A full tank of fuel gives you a maximum range of
about 50 miles. The computer will constantly display
updates of your air speed, compass heading and
altitude. Your most important instrument is the Angle
of Ascent/Bank Indicator. It tells if the plane is climb-
ing or descending, whether banking into a right or left
turn.

After you’ve acquired a few hours of flying time,
you can try flying a course against a map or doing
aerobatic maneuvers. Get a little more flight time
under your belt, the sky’s the limit.

Colormaster — Test your powers of deduction as you
try to guess the secret color code in this Mastermind-
type game. There are two levels of difficulty, and three
options of play to vary your games. Not only can you
guess the computer’s color code, but it will guess
yours! It can also serve as referee in a game between
two human opponents. Can you make and break the
color code . . . ?

Star Ship Attack— Your mission is to protect our or-
biting food station satellites from destruction by an
enemy star ship. You must capture, destroy or drive
off the attacking ship. If you fail, our planet is
doomed ...

Trilogy — This contest has its origins in the simple
game of tic-tac-toe. The object of the game is to place
three of your colors, in a row, into the delta-like, mul-
ti-level display. The rows may be horizontal, vertical,
diagonal and wrapped around, through the “third di-
mension”. Your Apple will be trying to do the same.
You can even have your Apple play against itself!

Minimum system requirements are an Apple II or
Apple II Plus computer with 32K of memory and one
minidisk drive. Mimic requires Applesoft in ROM, all
others run in RAM or ROM Applesoft.

Order No. 0161AD $19.95

Solar Energy For The Home

With the price of fossil fuels rising astronomically, solar space-heating systems are starting to become very
attractive. But is solar heat cost-effective for you? This program can answer that question.

Just input this data for your home: location, size, interior details and amount of window space. It will then
calculate your current heat loss and the amount of gain from any south facing windows. Then, enter the data
for the contemplated solar heating installation. The program will compute the NET heating gain, the cost of
conventional fuels vs. solar heat, and the calculated payback period— showing if the investment will save you
money.

Solar Energy for the Home: It’s a natural for architects, designers, contractors, homeowners. . .anyone
who wants to tap the limitless energy of our sun.

Minimum system re ]uirements are an Apple II or Apple II Plus with one disk drive and 28K of RAM.
Includes AppleDOS 3.2.

Order No. 0235AD (disk-based version) $34.95

Math Fun

-Paddle Fun

This new Apple disk package requires a steady eye and a quick hand at the game paddles! It includes:
Invaders — You must destroy an invading fleet of 55 flying saucers while dodging the carpet of bombs they
drop. Your bomb shelters will help you — for a while. Our version of a well known arcade game! Requires Ap-
plesoft in ROM.

Howitzer — This is a one or two person game in which you must fire upon another howitzer position. This pro-
gram is written in HIGH-RESOLUTION graphics using different terrain and wind conditions each round to
make this a demanding game. The difficulty level can be altered to suit the ability of the players. Requires Ap-
plesoft in ROM.

Space Wars — This program has three parts: (1) Two flying saucers meet in laser combat — for two players, (2)
two saucers compete to see which can shoot out the most stars — for two players, and (3) one saucer shoots the
stars in order to get a higher rank — for one player only. Requires Applesoft.

Golf — Whether you win or lose, you’re bound to have fun on our 18 hole Apple golf course. Choose your
club and your direction and hope to avoid the sandtraps. Losing too many strokes in the water hazards? You
can always increase your handicap. Get off the tee and onto the green with Apple Golf. Requires Applesoft.

The minimum system requirement for this package is an Apple II or Apple II Plus computer with 32K of
memory and one minidisk drive.

Order No. 0163AD $19.95

The Math Fun package uses the techniques of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement so that
students can improve their math skills while playing these games:

Hanging— A little man is walking up the steps to the hangman’s noose. But YOU can save him by answering
the decimal math problems posed by the computer. Correct answers will move the man down the steps and
cheat the hangman.

Spellbinder — You are a magician battling a computerized wizard. In order to cast death clouds, fireballs and
other magic spells on him, you must correctly answer problems involving fractions.

Whole Space — Pilot your space craft to attack the enemy planet. Each time you give a correct answer to the
whole number problems, you can move your ship or fire. But for every wrong answer, the enemy gets a
chance to fire at you.

Car Jump — Make your stunt car jump the ramps. Each correct answer will increase the number of buses your
car must jump over. These problems involve calculating the areas of different geometric figures.

Robot Duel — Fire your laser at the computer’s robot. If you give the correct answer to problems on calculat-
ing volumes, your robot can shoot at his opponent. If you give the wrong answer, your shield power will be
depleted and the computer’s robot can shoot at yours.

Sub Attack — Practice using percentages as you maneuver your sub into the harbor. A correct answer lets you
move your sub and fire at the enemy fleet.

All of these programs run in Applesoft BASIC, except Whole Space, which requires Integer BASIC.

Order No. 0160AD $19.95

Skybombers

Two nations, seperated by The Big Green Moun-
tain, are in mortal combat! Because of the terrain,
their ’s is an aerial war — a war of SKYBOMBERS!

In this two-player game, you and your opponent
command opposing fleets of fighter-bombers armed
with bombs and missiles. Your orders? Fly over the
mountain and bomb the enemy blockhouse into dust!

Flying a bombing mission over that innocent look-
ing mountain is no milk run. The opposition’s aircraft
can fire missiles at you or you may even be destroyed
by the bombs as they drop. Desperate pilots may even
ram your plane or plunge into your blockhouse, sui-
cidally.

Flight personnel are sometimes forced to parachute
from badly damaged aircraft. As they float helplessly
to earth, they become targets for enemy missiles.

The greater the damage you deal to your enemy, the
higher your score, which is constantly updated at the
bottom of the display screen.

The sounds of battle, from exploding bombs to the
pathetic screams from wounded parachutists, remind
each micro-commander of his bounden duty. Press
On, SKYBOMBERS— Press On!

Minimum system requirements: An Apple II or Ap-
ple II Plus, with 32K RAM, one disk drive and game
paddles.

Order No. 0271AD (disk-based version) $19.95

Instant Software

* A trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

PETERBOROUGH, N.H. 03458
603-924-7296

Apple* Software

From Instant Software

Santa Paravia and Fiumaccio

Buon giorno , signore!

Welcome to the province of Santa Paravia.

As your steward, I hope you will enjoy your
reign here. I feel sure that you will find it, shall
we say, profitable.

Perhaps I should acquaint you with our little domain. It is not a
wealthy area, signore, but riches and glory are possible for one who
is aware of political realities. These realities include your serfs. They
constantly request more food from your grain reserves, grain that
could be sold instead for gold florins. And should your justice
become a trifle harsh, they will flee to other lands.

Yet another concern is the weather. If it is good, so is the harvest.

But the rats may eat much of our surplus and we have had years of
drought when famine threatened our population.

Certainly, the administration of a growing city-state will require
tax revenues. And where better to gather such funds than the local
marketplaces and mills? You may find it necessary to increase custom duties or tax
the incomes of the merchants and nobles. Whatever you do, there will be far-
reaching consequences. . .and, perhaps, an elevation of your noble title.

Your standing will surely be enhanced by building a new palace or a magnificent
cattedrale. You will do well to increase your landholdings, if you also equip a few
units of soldiers. There is, alas, no small need for soldiery here, for the unscrupulous
Baron Peppone may invade you at any time.

To measure your progress, the official cartographer will draw you a mappa. From

it, you can see how much land you hold, how much of it is under the plow and how
adequate your defenses are. We are unique in that here, the map IS the territory.

I trust that I have been of help, signore. I look forward to the day when I may ad-
dress you as His Royal Highness, King of Santa Paravia. Buona fortuna or, as you
say, “Good luck”. For the Apple 48K.

Order No. 0174A $9.95 (cassette version).

Order No. 0229AD $19.95 (disk version).

TO SEE YOUR LOCAL INSTANT SOFTWARE DEALER OR USE THE ORDER FORM BELOW

ORDER

For Fast
Service

Toll-Free
1 - 800 - 258-5473

500

Name

City _

. State _

-Zip-

Apple Cassettes

0018A Golf $7.95

0025A Mimic $7.95

0040A Bowling/Trilogy $7.95

0073A Math Tutor I $7.95

0079A Oil Tycoon $9.95

0080 A Sahara Warriors $7.95

0088A Accounting Assistant $7.95

0094A Mortgage w/Prepayment Option/

Financier $7.95

0096A Space Wars $7.95

0098A Math Tutor II $7.95

0174A Santa Paravia and Fiumaccio $9.95

01 48 A Air Flight Simulation $9.95

We Guarantee It!

V-vo"’

Guarantee

OUR PROGRAMS ARE GUARANTEED
TO BE QUALITY PRODUCTS. IF NOT
COMPLETELY SATISFIED YOU MAY
RETURN THE PROGRAM WITHIN 60
DAYS. A CREDIT OR REPLACEMENT
WILL BE WILLINGLY GIVEN FOR
ANY REASON.

□ Check

□ Money Order

□ VISA

□ AMEX □ Master Charge

Card No

Fvp Dat°

Date

Order your Instant Software toda

Quantity

Order No.

Program name

Unit cost

Shipping and handling

$1.00

H ^ . _ Total order

Instant Software Inc

| Peterborough, N.H. 03458 1

I -J

PAGE 80

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

(continued from page 77)

APPLE CREEK
1815 Ygnacio Valley Rd.

Walnut Creek, CA 94598

APPLE PEELERS
340 N. Civic Dr., Apt. 503
Walnut Creek, CA

Colorado

APPLE PI USERS GROUP
P.O. Box 17467
Denver, CO 80217

SOUTH COLORADO APPLE
USERS
1635 S. Prarie
Pueblo, CO 81005

Connecticut

NEW LONDON APPLE USERS
GROUP

130 Jefferson Ave.

New London, CT 06320

APPLELIST
50 Ida Lane
W. Haven, CT 06516

APPLE USERS OF WESTPORT
1439 Post Road East
Westport, CT 06880

Delaware

GRAPE
P.O. Box 8904
Newark, DE 19711

Florida

SCAT

P.O. Box 7488

Clearwater, FL 33518

A.C.E.S.

P.O. Box 9222
Coral Springs, FL 33065

APPLE JAX
1021 King St.

Jacksonville, FL 32204

APPLE USERS CORE
307 Tarpon Rd.

Mary Esther, FL 32569

APPLE PI OF BREVARD
P.O. Box 327
Melbourne, FL 32901

M AUG

2300 NW 135 St.

Miami, FL 33167

SMAUG

10201 Fontainebleu Blvd. #206
Miami, FL 33172

SPACE COAST APPLE USER
GROUP
P.O. Box 4332
Patrick AFB, FL 32925

SUN COAST COMPUTER ASS’N.
P.O. Box 15294 Southgate PO
Sarasota, FL 33579

Georgia

ATLANTA SOC. OF PROF.
APPLE USERS

6600 Powers Ferry Rd., Suite 220
Atlanta, GA 30339

SEA

3258 Powers Ferry Rd.

Marietta, GA 30067

Hawaii

H.A.U.S.

P.O. Box 91
Honolulu, HI 96810

Idaho

A.B.U.G.

2213Targee #5
Boise, ID 83705

P.I.N.E. APPLES
1855 Jean St.

Pocatello, ID 83201

Illinois

C. A.C.H.E.

18W 145 Bel Air Court
Darien, IL 60559

CRAB-APPLES
P.O. Box 437
DeSoto, IL 62924

APPLE USERS— NU
Mathematics Dept.

Northwestern University
Evanston, IL 60201

SLACC
2445 Cleveland
Granite City, IL 62040

D. A.T.A.

5048 Pebble Creek Trail
Loves Park, IL 61 1 1 1

NW SUBURBAN APPLE USERS
1300 S. Elmhurst Rd.

Mt. Prospect, IL 60056

DUPAGE APPLE USERS GROUP
10 S. 592 Windjammer
Napierville, IL 60540

CENTRAL ILLINOIS APPLE
(CIA)

1023 W. Hudson
Peoria, IL 61604

APPLE PI COMPUTER CLUB
11630 S. Nagle Ave.

Worth, IL 60482

Indiana

CAUG

2805 Chestnut Ct.

Columbus, IN 47201

FT. WAYNE APPLE COMP.

USER GROUP
3833 Foresthill Ave.

Fort Wayne, IN 46805

THE APPLE PICKERS, INC.

P.O. Box 20136
Indianapolis, IN 46220
APPLE TECH
412 West Third
Mishawaka, IN 46544

Iowa

THE GREEN APPLES
4417 N. Lincoln Ln. Lot 129
Cedar Falls, IA 50613

CEDAR RAPIDS APPLE USERS
GROUP
417 Third Ave.

Cedar Rapids, I A 52404

GLITCH KICKERS COMPUTER
CLUB

3711 Douglas
Des Moines, IA 50310

IOWA CITY APPLE USERS
GROUP

134 Ravencrest Dr.

Iowa City, IA 52240

l/OWA USER GROUP
844 10th N.E.

Mason City, IA 50401

AGRI-CURSORS
do Sac City State Bank
500 Audobon
Sac City, IA 50583

Kansas

APPLE BITS
6140 Glenwood
Mission, KS 66202

APPLEBUTTER
10049 Santa Fe Dr.

Overland Park, KS 66212

PLANE APPLE CLUB
P.O. Box 12013
Wichita, KS 67277

Kentucky

APPLE-SIDERS (Cincinnati)

27 Crystal Lake Dr.

Covington, KY 41017

L.A.U.G.H.S.

8207 Pipilo
Louisville, KY 40222

(continued on page 82)

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 81

IAC ATTACH BIOS 1.1 DISK AND BOOKLET

Because of popular demand, the International Ap-
ple Core is offering the original ATTACH BIOS 1.1
disk and documentation for the low price of $6.00
plus $1.00 handling and mailing charge, anywhere
in the world. Send your check or money order
(payable in USA funds) to:

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
ATTACH BIOS DISK
P.O. BOX 976

DALY CITY, CA 94017 USA

Here’s the KEY
to your Apple®!

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

COUNTRY

Computer Station’s

Programmer's

Handbook

to the
Apple II ®

Computer

Station’s
Programmers

Handbook
for the
Apple®

Indexed Looseleaf notebook (7V2” x 9”)
rnntainino all the reference material found in our

GALAXY SPACE WAR 1

Galaxy Space War I 1 (WAR1) is a game of strategy in which the player has complete
control of his space fleet’s tactical maneuvers. Each fleet battles its way toward the
opponents galaxy in an attempt to destroy it and win the war. WAR1 simulates the
actual environment encountered in a space war between two galaxies. Optimum use
is made of Apple’s high resolution graphics (HIRES) and colors in displaying the
twinkling stars universe, the colored ships of each fleet, long range sensors colored
illuminations, and the alternating blinking colors used in battles between ships.
Complementing HIRES are the sounds of war produced by Apple’s speaker.

WAR1 is played between Apple and a player or between two players. You may
play with total knowledge of each others fleet or only ships sensor knowledge of
the opponents fleet. Each player builds his starting fleet and adds to it during the
game. This building process consists of creating the size and shape of each ship,
positioning it, and then allocating the total amount of energy for each ship.

During a player’s turn he may dynamically allocate his ships total energy between
his screen/detection and attack/move partitions. The percentage of the total energy
allocated to each partition determines its characteristics. The screen/detection
partition determines how much energy is in a ship’s screens and the detection sector
range of its short range sensors. The attack/move determines the amount of energy
the ship can attack with, its attack sector range, and the number of sectors it can
move in normal or hyperspace.

STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS PROGRAM
DJI WEEKLY AVERAGE 1897-DATE

ANA1 2 (ANALYSIS 1) is a set of BASIC Programs which enables the user to perform
analyses on the Dow Jones Industrial weekly average data. From’ 6 months to 5 years
of user selected DJI data can be plotted on the entire screen in one of 5 colors using
Apple’s High Resolution capabilities. The DJI data can be transformed into different
colored graphic representations called transforms. They are: user specified moving
averages: a least squares linear fit (best straight line); filters for time, magnitude, or
percentage changes; and user created relationship between the DJI data, a transform,
or a constant using +,-,x,/ operators. Colored lines can be drawn between graphic
points. Graphic data values or their dates of occurrence can be displayed in text on
the screen. Any graph or text can be outputted to a users printer. The Grid Scale is
automatically set to the range of the graphs or can be user changed. As many colored
graphs as wanted can be plotted on the screen and cleared at any time. The user can
code routines to operate on the DJI/transform data or create his own disk file data
base. ANA1 commands can be used with his routines or data base. An update program
allows the user to easily update a file with current data.

APPLE® II, 48K, APPLESOFT mm GALAXY

ROM CARD, DISK II DOS 3.2 ZZ DEPT.A06

WAR1 DISK & MANUAL ...$39.95 — P.O. BOX 22072

ANA1 DISK & MANUAL ...$49.95 SAN DIEGO, CA 92122
CA residents add 6% sales tax (714) 452-1072

Write or call for more information or see your local Apple dealer

1 Software Reviews: Apple Orchard (12/80); The Book (1/81); Creative Computing (4/81)

2 Software Reviews: Call-A.P.P.L.E. (2/80); Apple Orchard (3/80); Info World (8/80); Creative

Computing (5/81)

popular Programmers Guide to the Apple II®

Plus . . .

• Applesoft " & Integer

• CP/M c Digital
Research, Inc.

• Basic-80 c Microsoft

• Pascal

Including Command References for

• Applewriter" • Macro-Seed

• Visicalc " Personal Software

Hardware Configurations &
Software Commands for

• Spinwriter • Silentype

• PaperTiger • Special ROMs

Two diskette pockets in front & back. Notebook
format allows user to add personal comments. A
must for every Apple® pMner. Available from your
local Apple® Dealer or from:

Computer Station

11610 Page Service Dr.

St. Louts, MO. 63141
(314)432-7019 ||

Direct order will incur a $2.00 shipping/handling
charge plus sales tax where applicable

Apple, Apple II and Applesoft are the registered trademarks of
Apple Computer, Inc.

• 6502 Assembly Language

• DOS 3.3

• DOS Tool Kit

• Monitor

PAGE 82

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

(continued from page 80)

Louisiana

B.R.A.M.C.H.

324 W. Parker Blvd. #35
Baton Rouge, LA 70808

CRESCENT CITY APPLE CORE
72 Old Hickory Ave.

Chalmette, LA 70043

CENLA APPLE
P.O. Box 1564
England AFB, LA 71301

Maryland

MARYLAND APPLE CORPS
6711 Greenspring Ave.
Baltimore, MD 21209

PENCOM

J-303 Waverly Drive
Frederick, MD 21701

Massachusetts

APPLE/BOSTON

3 Center Plaza
Boston, MA 02108

APPLESAUCE
118 Brookhaven Dr.

East Longmeadow, MA 01028

APPLE CORE OF BERKSHIRE
COUNTY
32 Deborah Ave.

Pittsfield, MA 01201

APPLESEED

4 Cranebrook
Shrewsbury, MA 01545

APPLE GUILD
P.O. Box 371
Weymouth, MA 02188

N.E.A.T.

P.O. Box 2652
Woburn, MA 02155

Michigan

ANN ARBOR APPLE
P.O. Box M- 1047
Ann Arbor, MI 48106

APPLE CORE EXAMINERS
4691 S. Elm Dr.

Bay City, MI 48706

K.A.C.U.S.

455 W. Michigan Ave.
Kalamazoo, Ml 49007

GRAND RAPIDS APPLE
3268 Coach Lane # 2 A
Kentwood, MI 49508

APPLE L.U.G.

5411 Marsh Rd.

Haslett, Ml 48840

MICHIGAN APPLE COMPUTER
CLUB

P.O. Box 551

Madison Heights, Ml 48071

Minnesota

MINI/APP/LES
13516 Grand Ave. S.

Burnsville, MN 55337

Missouri

A.M.M.P.L.E.

333 E. Winter
Columbia, MO 65201

APPLE EYE
25 Morwood Lane
Creve Coeur, MO 63141

PERSONAL COMP. CLUB OF
ST. LOUIS
274 Brightfield Dr.

St. Louis, MO 6301 1

APPLE JACKS

11145 Suntree Rd., Apt. D

St. Louis, MO 63138

COMSTAT

11610 Page Service Road
St. Louis, MO 63141

APPLE SQUIRES OF THE OZARKS
1904 E. Meadowmere
Springfield, MO 65804

Nebraska

COMPUSERS
P.O. Box 2064
Hastings, NE 68901

BIG RED APPLE CLUB
1301 N 19th
Norfolk, NE 68701

APPLESAUCE OF OMAHA
1915 S 44 St. #112
Omaha, NE 68105

Nevada

APPLE CORPS OF S. NEVADA
6325 Portola Rd.

Las Vegas, NV 99108

New Hampshire

SOUTHERN N.H. APPLE CORE
Warner Hill Rd. RFD#5
Derry, NH 03038

New Jersey

SOUTHERN NJ APPLE USERS
GROUP

106 Ashbrook Rd.

Cherry Hill, NJ 08034

MONMOUTH APPLE CORPS
P.O. Box 333

West Long Beach, NJ 07764

APPLE GROUP— NJ
141 1 Greenwood Dr.

Piscataway, NJ 08854

PRINCETON APPLE USERS
GROUP

do Comp. Enc., 2 Nassau St.
Princeton, NJ 08540

SHORT HILLS APPLE PITS
29 Clive Hills Rd.

Short Hills, NJ 07078

New Mexico

APPLEQUERQUE COMPUTER
CLUB

6609 Orphelia Ave. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87109

MESILLA VALLEY ORCHARD

P.O. Box 114

Las Cruces, NM 88001

New York

SOUTHERN TIER APPLE CORE
409 Hooper Road
Endwell, NY 13760

APPLE POWER
21 Ridgedale Ave.

Farmingville, NY 11738

SUFFOLK APPLE COMPUTER
SOCIETY
64 Pinedale Rd.

Happauge, NY 11787

U.A.U.G. do Upstate Com.

629 French Rd.

New Hartford, NY 13413

BIG APPLE USERS GROUP
P.O. Box 490
Bowling Green Sta.

New York, NY 10274

CAMS —APPLE USERS
GROUP

Box 348 Ridge Road RD # 1
Scotia, NY 12302

T S A U G APPLE CLUB
216 Cherry Rd.

Syracuse, NY 13219

APPLE C.I.D.E.R.

1435 Tudor Way
Victor, NY 14564

MID-HUDSON MICRO USERS
Imperial Plaza

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 83

North Carolina

APP-LE-KATIONS
6525 Springfield Dr.
Charlotte, NC 28212

GREEN APPLES
218 N. Elm St.

Greensboro, NC 27401

CAROLINA APPLE CORE
P.O. Box 31424
Raleigh, NC 27622

North Dakota

G.F. APPLE S.A.G.C.E.

2500 B South Columbia Rd.
Grand Forks, ND 58201

APPLE POLISHERS
1 1 12 Glacial Dr.

Minot, ND 58701

Ohio

CINCINNATI APPLE-SIDERS
(see Covington, Ky.)

CENTRAL OHIO APPLE
COMPUTER HOBBY
1357 Bernhard Rd.
Columbus, OH 43227

APPLE-DAYTON
4819 Leafburrow Dr.

Dayton, OH 45424

NEO-APPLE CORE
7047 E. Jefferson Dr.

Mentor, OH 44060

TOLEDO APPLE USERS
1417 Bernath Pkwy.

Toledo, OH 43615

Oklahoma

MIDWEST CITY HOSP.

APPLE USERS
2825 Parklawn Dr.
Midwest City, OK 73110

BIG RED APPLE GROUP
200 N. University Blvd.
Norman, OK 73069

OKC APPLE USERS GROUP
3728 N. Frankford
Oklahoma City, OK 73112

TULSA COMPUTER SOC-APPLE
USERS

P.O. Box 1133
Tulsa, OK 74101

Oregon

CORVALLIS APPLE CLUB
2013 NW Monroe
Corvallis, OR 97330

A.P.P.L.E. PORTLAND
1915 NE Couch
Portland, OR 97232

Pennsylvania

APPLE USER OF PENNSYLVANIA
29 S. New Ardmore Ave.

Broomall, PA 19008

ERIE APPLE CRUNCHERS
P.O. Box 1575
Erie, PA 16507

ARG

16 Laurel Lane
Glen Riddle, PA 19037

KEYSTONE APPLE CORE
4644 Carlisle Pike
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055

CENTRAL PENN. APPLE INT.
GROUP

240 Calder Way
State College, PA 16801

South Carolina

SCRAPPLE
1610 Longview Rd.

Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464

LOWCOUNTRY APPLE CORPS
313 Hawthorne St.

Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464

AUGUSTA APPLE USERS GROUP
819 Jackson Ave.

N. Augusta, SC 29841

C S A APPLE CORE
P.O. Box 405
ShawAFB, SC 29152

South Dakota

RAPID CITY APPLE USERS
3016 Glenwood
Rapid City, SD 57701

Tennessee

MUSIC CITY APPLE CORE
765 McMurray Dr., Apt. 04
Nashville, TN 37211

Texas

ABILENE APPLE CLUB
925 N. Judge Ely Blvd.
Abilene, TX 79601

A.I.D.E.

P.O. Box 30878
Amarillo, TX 79120

FORT WORTH APPLE USER
GROUP

1401 Hillcrest Dr.

Arlington, TX 76010

RIVER CITY APPLE CORPS
12404 Split Rail Pkwy.
Austin, TX 78750

MICRO APPLE CORE
3920 Caruth Blvd.
Dallas, TX 75225

FRANKLIN MTN. APPLE
ORCHARD
Drawer G
El Paso, TX 79951

HISD/BASIC CURRIC. DEV.
3830 Richmond Ave.
Houston, TX 77027

H A AUGG
1 1803 Rowood Dr.
Houston, TX 77070

APPLE PI OF THE
PERMIAN BASIN
415 E. 43rd St.
Odessa, TX 79762

APPLESEED

P.O. Box 12455

San Antonio, TX 78212

H.O.T.-APPLE-P.I.E.
2321 Lee St.

Waco, TX 76711

PAGE 84

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

Utah

APPLE SLICE

P.O. Box 11246

Salt Lake City, (JT 84147

Virginia

APPLE WORMS
3307 Indigo Rd.
Chesapeake, VA 23325

PENINSULA APPLE CORE
1419 Todds Lane
Hampton, VA 23666

APPLE T.A.R.T.

1706 Hanover Ave.
Richmond, VA 23220

NOVAPPLE
8108 Adair Lane
Springfield, VA 22151

Washington

KITSAP APPLE USERS GROUP
7265 Thasos Ave. NE
Bremerton, WA 98310

THE G.R.A.P.E.

P.O. Box 283

Port Orchard, WA 98366

A.P.P.L.E.— WASHINGTON
14109 S.E. 168th St.

Renton, WA 98055

FETCH

Naval Air Facility Box 13
FPO Seatle, WA 98767

12816 E. Desmet
Spokane, WA 99216

Wisconsin

WISCONSIN APPLE USERS
P.O. Box 11463
Milwaukee, WI 53211

FOX VALLEY CRAB-APPLES
Math Dept. — John Oman
University of Wisconsin
Oshkosh, WI 54901

Wyoming

THE APPLE NET

129 Park Ave., Orchard Valley

Cheyenne, WY 92001

District of Columbia

HOBBY COMPUTER INFO. EXCH.
2300 41st St. N.W. #203
Washington, D.C. 20007

WASHINGTON APPLE PI
P.O. Box 34511
Washington, D.C. 20034

Guam

TIDEWATER APPLE

ORGANIZATION ADAM & EVE APPLE GROUP

1021 Tivoli Crescent, Apt. 102 1 1 S. Hancock St.

Virginia Beach, VA 23456 Madison, WI 53703

GUAGE

16-B S. Oceanview

Finegayan, Guam 96912

QmwP

A p ie.s°y c

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 85

Forbidden Fruit

Pick these new products for your Apple

Edited by
Mark L. Crosby

Producers of hardware and software
for the Apple line of computers should
send news releases 3 months in ad-
vance to NEW PRODUCTS EDITOR,
Apple Orchard, P.O. Box 976, Daly
City, California 94017. The IAC can-
not be held responsible for claims
made by manufacturers.

Contents:

Hardware

Input/Output

Media

Power Conditioning

Speech

Music

Printers/ Plotters
Miscellaneous

Software

Business/Education

Graphics

Languages (Programming)
Simulations/Games
Special Items
Communications
Utilities

Word Processors
Catalogs
Miscellaneous

HARDWARE

Input/Output

CLOCK/CALENDAR

Clock/Calendar Module provides ac-
curate real time counting. It can be soft-
ware-programmed for either a 12-hour or
24-hour format, and automatically ad-
justs February to 29 days for leap years.
Optional battery backup maintains accu-
rate time counting when the Apple is
powered down or during power outages.
The time-setting signal to the clock can
be jumper-disabled. Firmware includes
three jumper-selectable driver programs.
One transfers the date and time in the
Mountain Hardware format. Another
continually interrupts to write the correct
time into an Applesoft string, while the
third continually interrupts to display the
time in the upper right-hand corner of the
CRT screen. California Computer Sys-
tems, 250 Caribbean Drive, Sunnyvale,
CA 94086 (408) 734-5811.

EXPANSION CHASSIS

Expansion chassis offers eight addi-
tional slots to expand the peripheral
capacity of all Apple ][ computers. The
user can select these slots with a panel
mounted select/deselect switch or with
immediate or deferred software com-

mands. Comes with an Apple interface
card and built-in power supply. Mountain
Computer, 300 Harvey W. Blvd., Santa
Cruz, CA 95060.

CLOCK/CALENDAR

Real-Time Clock/Calendar permits
reading of time and date. Accurate even
with computer turned off with long lived
internal battery backup. Uses standard
software to date output forms, to time
events or simply to display the time and
date on the screen. Clock supports fore-
ground/background operation. Gold
contacts and plated-through holes.
Hours, minutes, seconds, year, month,
day are provided with leap year register.
Clock — $109, utility software $19 on
cassette, $24 on disk. Frisbee Elec-
tronics, P.O. Box 556, Ridgecrest, CA
93555.

LIGHT PEN

Light Pen for the Apple allows those
without typing skills to interact with the
Apple ][. Two short BASIC subroutines
handle the light detection and take less
than 400 bytes. All pens come with com-
plete documentation so that you can
write your own programs in BASIC. No
machine language coding is necessary.
All pens are ready to plug in and use and
no assembly is necessary, (low-res)
$32.95. 3G Company Inc., Rt. 3, Box
28A, Gaston, OR 971 19 (503) 662-4492.

GREEN MONITOR

Green phosphor monitor provides
sharp, clear display of up to 80 characters
by 25 lines of text or graphics. Built-in
sound system and speaker uses standard
video output. Screen angled 80 degrees

PAGE 86

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

to reduce glare. Lightweight industrial
grade construction gives maximum por-
tability with reliable operation. NEC
America, Inc., 130 Martin Lane, Elk
Grove Village, IL 60007.

TEMPERATURE PROBES

Tempsens provides direct temperature
input for the Apple and other microcom-
puters. Operating within a temperature
range of — 10 to +160 degrees Fahren-
heit, each Tempsens module provides
two temperature probes to the AIM 16
analog input module using a MANMOD1
(both also available). Tempsens price is
$49.95. Connecticut Microcomputer
Inc., 34 Del Mar Dr., Brookfield, CT
06804 (203) 775-4595.

16K MEMORY CARD

RAMCard provides the Apple ][ 48K
computer with 16K additional bytes of
programmable memory. It’s compatible
with Microsoft’s SoftCard. It can be used
with all software available for the Soft-
Card, but it cannot be used in addition to
the Apple Language Card — $195. Micro-
soft Consumer Products, 400 108th Ave.
N.E., Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004
(206) 454-1315.

16K MEMORY CARD

16K RAM card increases your Apple’s
memory to a maximum of 64K. This card
is computer designed using shortest
distance between points and laying heavy
traces that improve overall reliability.
Compatible with Pascal, Digital

Research’s CP/M, DOS 3.3, COBOL,
FORTRAN, Personal Software’s VisiCalc,
PILOT, Integer BASIC, Applesoft BASIC
and other software currently used with
the Apple ][. 180 day warranty period —
$ 1 95. Available at select Apple dealers or
contact Computer Stop, 2545 W. 237th
St., Suite L, Torrance, CA 90505 (213)
539-7670.

DUAL SIDED DISKETTES

Dual sided mini diskettes are offered
by Omni. Now you can record on both
sids of a disk for twice the storage capac-
ity of a single sided disk. Features two
recording surfaces, two sets of write
enable notches, two index holes, rein-
forced hub rings and a lubricating shield
to protect disk surface and reduce wear
on disk drive read/write heads. Compati-
ble with Apple and other microcom-
puters — $50 box of ten (twenty sides).
Omni Resources, 4 Oak Pond Avenue,
Millbury, MA 01527 (617) 799-0197.

STRINGY FLOPPY

Exatron Stringy Floppy Mass Storage
System is very similar to the operation of
disk drives with the exception that it
writes on an endless loop tape system
called a wafer. One wafer can hold up to
125K bytes. Operating system extends
the command set of BASIC to allow com-
plete control of the Stringy from the
keyboard or from your program. Saves or
loads a 16K program in 10 seconds.
Works with Applesoft or Integer BASIC.
Full year warranty. Two Stringy’s cost less
than one disk drive with controller. Exa-
tron Corporation, 3555 Ryder St., Santa
Clara, CA 95051 (800) 538-8559. In Cali-
fornia (408) 737-7111.

Media

CASSETTES

High quality cassettes designed for
microcomputers come in 50 and 100
foot lengths and also the standard C-60
and C-90 lengths. Norelco-style box with
separate box labels. High energy tape is
excellent for both data and audio use.
Warrantied replacement within 30 days.
Prices from $7.50 for a ten-pack of 50
foot length to $77.50 for a fifty-pack of
C-90 length. Microsette Co., 475 Ellis St.,
Mt. View, CA 94043 (415) 968-1604.

DISK KIT

Disk kit contains everything you need
to handle disks. Comes with 12 dual-
sided diskettes with reinforced hub ring.
Double frequency tested on both sides.
Also included are 2 head cleaning disks,
1 bottle of specially formulated head
cleaning solution, and 1 binder with
labels and write/project patches — $59.50
plus $3.50 for freight and handling
charges. Factory Direct, P.O. Box 60759,
Sunnyvale, CA 94088 (800) 824-7888; in
California (800) 852-7777 ; for Alaska and
Hawaii (800) 824-7919.

Power Conditioning

RESERVE POWER SUPPLY

Applejuice reserve power supply pro-
vides back-up power for the Apple ] [ com-
puter during power “flickers”, prolonged
outages and brownouts. An interrupt fea-
ture can be used to generate an interrupt
to automatically transfer memory con-
tents to disk or to operate any external de-
vice. Backup time is 25 minutes using a
single disk drive, 48K, Language Card,
printer or serial card and disk controller.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 87

Backup time is increased or decreased
depending on peripheral current require-
ments and disk usage. Recharges from
discharge state in 10-12 hours. Model
APS-2A $249. A one hour backup model
is also available. APS-3 $295. High Tech-
nology, Inc., 8001 N. Classen Blvd., P.O.
Box 14665, Oklahoma City, OK 73113
(405) 840-9900.

Speech

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

Speech synthesizer adds intelligible
speech to your Apple. The initial
operating system allows the creation of
your own vocabulary with phonemes
(word sounds) while using very little RAM
memory (approximately 800 bytes + 20
bytes per word). Enhanced operating
systems and vocabulary ROMs will be of-
fered as they become available. The Echo
][ comes complete with speaker, instruc-
tion manual, and a disk containing a
speech editor, sample programs, and a
sample vocabulary — $225. See your
dealer or contact Street Electronics
Corp., 3152 E. La Palma Ave., Suite C,
Anaheim, CA 92806 (714) 632-9950.

SPIKE/SURGE SUPPRESSOR

Super Isolator is designed to control
electrical pollution. Incorporates heavy
duty spike/surge suppression, the Super
Isolator features 3 individually dual-Pi
filtered AC sockets. Equipment interac-
tions are eliminated and disruptive/
damaging power line pollution is con-
trolled. The Super Isolator will control
pollution for an 1875 watt load (com-
bined). Each socket can handle a 1000
watt load. MODEL ISO-3 SUPER ISOLA-
TOR for $94.95. Electronic Specialists,
Inc., 171 South Main St., Natick, MA
01760 (617) 655-1532.

SPIKE/SURGE SUPPRESSOR

The Spike-Spiker has eight individu-
ally switched 120 VAC grounded outlets
divided into two rows of separate filtered
circuits of 4 outlets each, main on/off
switch, fuse, and indicator light. Hash fil-
tering occurs between the two groups of
four outlets. Protects computer equip-
ment from most power line transients.
Maximum continuous load of 10 amps,
maximum transient protection of 10
joules with a switching time of 35 nano-
seconds. Kalglo Electronics Co., Inc.,
Colony Drive Industrial Park, 6584 Ruch
Road — E, Allen Twp., Bethlehem, PA
18017 (800) 523-9685 in Pennsylvania
(215)865-0006.

Music

MUSIC BOARD

Appledac Hardware Music Board is a
fully integrated digital audio system with
an 8 bit D/A converter, 6-pole low-pass
filter and half- watt audio amplifier with
volume control. The board fits into slot 0,
2 or 4 of the Apple ][. Software is also
available including the capability to
specify an independent amplitude
envelope for each harmonic. A manual
supplied contains specifications for 20
different instruments and a discussion of
sound synthesis. A song pack is available
which contains 30 selections on a disk.
Board: $89, Software: $49, Song Pack:
$20. Micro Technology Unlimited, 2806
Hillsborough St., P.O. Box 12106,
Raleigh, NC 27605 (919) 833-1458.

MCJSIC BOARD

MusicSystem features 16 part digital
synthesis with stereo, fully program-
mable waveforms and envelopes and
graphic input of standard musical nota-
tion. Includes dual boards ready to install.
Includes light pen for input and editing.
Provided are all connecting cables and
standard RCA pin jacks for connection to
stereo amplifier or headphones. All soft-
ware included on disk requires no com-
piling or modifications. Manual covers in-
stallation, a tutorial, reference details,
hardware description, theory of additive
synthesis, etc. Mountain Hardware, 300
Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060
(408) 429-8600.

Printers/Plotters

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

The new V300 Daisy Wheel Printer
produces letter quality printing using
standard Diablo or Qume-type 96 char-
acter print wheels. Accommodates paper
widths up to 1 5 inches and can print up to
136 columns. Character spacing is 1/120
inch minimum and line space is 1/48 inch
minimum. Completely furnished and
ready to use. Available with standard
Centronics parallel interface or RS-
232-C. Internal DIP switches select 7 or 8
bit character lengths, single or double
stop bits, odd/even parity, 300, 600, 1200
or 2400 baud transmission speeds. Pro-
grammable vertical format up to 66 lines
with top-of-form and VT justification. 25
CPS Model V300-25 $1,895. 45 CPS
Model V300-45 $2,195. Vista Computer
Company, 1317 E. Edinger Ave., Santa
Ana, CA 92705 (714) 953-0523.

MATRIX PRINTERS

Epson MX80 printer is a dot matrix
printer that provides letter quality print
using a 9 x 9 matrix at 80 CPS in bidirec-
tional mode. Uses true descenders and 64
characters of block graphics. Adjustable
pin feed from 4 to 10 inches. 5, 8.25, 10
and 16.5 characters per inch. Disposable
print head (less than $30) with Centronics
parallel interface. Dot addressable
graphics available soon as a retrofit. List
$645 at your local dealer or Epson Amer-
ica, Inc., 23844 Hawthorn Blvd., Tor-
rance, CA 90505 (213) 378-2220.

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

AFTER USING THE RENUMBER
PROGRAM, I GET SOME
WEIRD CALCULATIONS.

WHY?

Renumber is a very powerful
tool for developing programs,
but after you use it you may find
some strange calculations in
your program. What happens is
that the number after an asterisk
(“*”), as for multiplication, is
sometimes mistaken as a line
number, and Renumber renum-
bers it. So if you had a line:
******¥***¥****¥*

PAGE 88

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

PLOTTER

Flatbed plotter is designed for straight
forward interface to any microcomputer
that outputs the ASCII code. Miplot can
even be used by operators with no plotter
experience. Incorporates pre-pro-
grammed “intelligent” functions re-
quired for producing graphs and draw-
ings. Solid and broken line types can be
specified. Built in character generator for
letters, numbers and symbols — rotation
to four orientations. Special printer mode
outputs character data as- is. Uses com-
monly available hard fiber-tip pens and
has a maximum plot speed approxi-
mately 2 inches per second — $1,395.
Astar International Company, 5676 Fran-
cis Ave., Chino, CA 91710 (714)
627-9887.

MATRIX PRINTER

Impact printer is a low cost dot matrix
printer. Features 7x7 or 14x7 dot
matrix, 6 different character sizes, 100
CPS bidirectional print speed, selectable
tractor or friction paper feed, and a long-
life “finger clean” ribbon cartridge. It has
variable line density and continuous form
length controls. 100 % duty cycle without
overheating gives high reliability. Upper/
lower case printing with 80, 96 or 132
characters per line on 8 V 2 inch wide
paper — $625 in OEM quantity of 100.
For information contact DIP, Inc., 745
Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02111
(617) 482-4214.

MATRIX PRINTER

The Paper Tiger 445 printer has a very
rugged 5x7 matrix printing mechanism
with a ballistic print head and cartridge
ribbons. Two separate heavy-duty motors
drive the head and paper advance with
true tractor feed. Software selection of
character sizes up to 132 columns. Ad-
justable paper width and length up to
6 -part forms. Unidirectional speeds of up
to 198 CPS. With graphics option, it can
print graphics as easily as text — $795.
Models 460 and 560 provide 9-wire stag-
gered print head with “letter quality” bi-
directional printing and programmable
parameters. The 460 is for 8 V 2 and the
560 for 14 inch wide papaer. Also avail-
able with graphics option, they both
utilize ballistic head and ribbon cartridge.
Integral Data Systems, Inc., Milford, NH
03055 (800) 258-1386.

Miscellaneous

VOICE ENTRY SYSTEM

Voice entry terminal plugs into any slot
of the Apple ][. A direct keyboard link al-
lows the user to choose keyboard or voice
at any time. Once a word has been en-
tered into the program, whenever it is
spoken, the function is performed. Sup-
plied with preprocessor, interface board,
software with demonstration programs,
noise-cancelling headset microphone,
and a user’s manual — $895. Scott Instru-
ments, 815 N. Elm, Denton, TX 76201
(817) 387-9514.

DOS 3. 2/3. 3 SWITCH

Safe Switch gives both DOS 3.2 and
DOS 3.3 in your Apple safely. Throw
switch for either DOS without having to
convert old 3.2 disks to 3.3 Easy to use
and inexpensive, requires no memory or
soldering and will not harm or interfere
with your Apple’s operation — $56. Belk
Enterprises, 125 E. Alton Ave., Santa
Ana, CA 92707 (714) 641-0954.

LOGIC DISPLAY BOARD

Apple ][ display board has a run-stop,
single-step switch that simplifies identifi-
cation of shorted lines between address
or data bits and shows individual steps for
teaching computer logic. The board has
16 address LEDs (light emitting diodes),
8 data LEDs, and 1 ready LED. All lines
are buffered. Assembled and tested
$49.95, kit $42.95, bare board $25.95.
John Bell Engineering, P.O. Box 338,
Redwood City, CA 94064 (415)
367-1137.

VIDEODISK INTERFACE

Videodisk-to- Apple interface fits inside
the Apple and allows complete control of
the DiscoVision industrial videodisk
player. In addition, the package provides
circuitry to switch computer-or disk-
oriented video on a single television
monitor. The package sells for $525, and
includes a manual, a controller card,

junction box for video connections, con-
trol subroutines in assembly language
and Pascal, cables, and a demonstration
program. Coloney Productions, 1248
Blountstown Hwy., Tallahassee, FL
32304 (904) 575-0691.

6809 MICROPROCESSOR CARD

6809 Board for the Apple ] [, “The Mill”,
plugs into the Apple. It can be used in
manufacturing or laboratory process-
control monitoring and concurrent pro-
gramming tasks. Users can run 6502 pro-
grams, 6809 programs or any software
reassembled for the 6809 from existing
6800 source code. In operation, the 6502
and 6809 run concurrently, with the 6809
acting as the bus master during the
6502’s bus accesses. Features directly ad-
dressable stacks and the position inde-
pendence of code and permits the Apple
to be used in a multiprogramming
mode— $275. Stellation Two, P.O. Box
2342, Santa Barbara, CA 93120.

MARK SENSE READER

Mark sense reader interfaces to the Ap-
ple ] [. Mark a card with a # 2 pencil, feed it
into the reader’s slot and the reader auto-
matically turns on and feeds the card
through the slot. Data is automatically
entered into memory. It is a simple low-
cost alternative to keyboard entry. For
businesses, it’s ideal for inventory, time
cards, labor distribution. Educators will
find that the MR-500 streamlines test
scoring, attendance records, and grade
reporting. Lightweight 4 V 2 inch
cube — $750. Chatsworth Data Corp.,
207 1 0 Lassen St. , Chatsworth, C A 91311
(213) 341-9200.

SECURITY SYSTEM CONTROL

Security systems control allows direct
computer control of up to 256 BSR re-
mote modules by sending signals over
house wiring. These low-cost modules, in
conjunction with the Super X-10 Mod,
allow microcomputer control over
lamps, motors, and appliances. It has
eight digital inputs and outputs which can
easily be connected to external switches
for control even when the computer is
turned off. Direct, plug-in compatibility
and software are available for the Apple
][ — $249. Connecticut Microcomputer,
150 Pocono Road, Brookfield, CT 06804.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 89

SOFTWARE

Business/Education

STOCK MARKET

Stock Tracker can improve your profits in trading through en-
hanced timing of purchases and sales. Involves technical analysis
of individual securities, based on the universal law of supply and de-
mand. Automatically provides daily trading signals for each secur-
ity tracked. The signals are geared to trading on a short-term basis
for stock options and an intermediate term for stocks and commo-
dities; yet it can be easily used to time long-term stock investments
as well. Requires 32K Applesoft ROM or Language System and one
or more disk drives — $190. H & H Trading Company, P.O. Box
23546, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 (415) 937-1030.

DATA FILING SYSTEM

From Hardhat Software comes WHATSIT. This is a data filing
system designed for indexing applications where speedy response
is important. WHATSIT, an acronym for “Wow, How’d All That Stuff
get In There?”, is a flexible and useful data base for home and small
business applications. This package is a self-indexing query system
that adapts to your needs. Information is stored in WHATSIT in the
form of simple, declarative sentences, and that’s the way it gives
them back to you. Features soundex matching, multiple items per
heading, printer support and a well-organized manual. Hardhat
Software, Box 14815, San Francisco, CA 941 14 (415) 621-2106.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

Professional accounting system from Insoft is extensive enough
that CPA’s are using it for client reporting and yet non-accountants
have found it relatively easy to use and set up due to it’s comprehen-
sive user oriented manuals (300 pages total). System includes
General Ledger, Accounts receivable/payable and payroll. Ledger
will hold 400 accounts in the Charts Accounts, and 400 in each of
the Accounts receiveable and payable systems and up to 150 em-
ployees for a 48K machine and 300 for 64K when using the Micro-
soft Z80 Softcard — $365. Insoft, 259 Barnett Road, Unit 2, Med-
ford, OR 97501 (503) 779-2465.

CHINESE LESSONS

Chinese lessons are simplified and enjoyable with the Apple ][
computer. Chinese greetings, times, seasons, numbers, foods, and
other commonly used terms (200 in all) are contained in eleven
easy-to-use lessons. Color, graphics, and sound are used in each
lesson in exciting combinations. The proper stroke sequence for
each character is clearly shown and can be repeated stroke by
stroke at the user’s pace. Exercises with exam scoring are part of
each lesson. Menus used throughout the lessons make it easy to
select what is just right for you. Requires 48K, Applesoft with a
single disk drive on a reversable diskette — $29.95 plus $ 1 .50 ship-
ping and handling. Computer Translation, Inc., Dept. AOD, Box
7004 University Station, Provo, UT 84602 (801) 224-1169.

KILL

SURGES

LIGHTNING!

AC power line surges are destructive, can cost you
money, and can’t be prevented. But you can stop
them from reaching your sensitive electronic equip-
ment with a Surge Sentry.

Surge Sentry acts in picoseconds to dissipate up
to a 1,000,000 W, 100/i, second surge. Triggers at
10% above nominal peak voltage. Works in parallel
with the power line. Is easy to install for immediate
protection. No complicated wiring or special tools
required.

Several different models to choose from, including
an OEM version. Call or write today for a free brochure.

n\ SIIRGG
xvSGnbRV

It'll clean up your AC

IglRKS

ENTERPRISES, INC.

643 South 6th Street, San Jose, CA 95112
(408) 288-5565

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

PAGE 90

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

MEDICAL BILLING SYSTEM

PERSONAL FINANCE SYSTEM

The Attendance Program keeps de-
tailed records of classroom attendance
(including tardiness data) and auto-
matically prepares necessary reports on
Average Daily Attentance. Absences and
tardies may be later marked as “excused”
or “unexcused” before they are compiled
into the continuing attendance record
system. Maintains a complete audit trail
to validate reported figures. The system
can be used alone or in conjunction with
CMA’s grade reporting, counselling,
and/or scheduling systems. $249.95
Charles Mann & Associates, Micro Soft-
ware Division, 7594 San Remo Trail,
Yucca Valley, C A 92284. (7 1 4) 365-97 1 8.

COURSE INSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Portable voice-response, microcom-
puter-based system is designed for effec-
tive, low-cost, computer-aided instruc-
tion of IBM mainframe computer opera-
tors. Designated TRAINER-3000, the
system features the Course Structuring
Facility (CSF), the same authoring lan-
guage used in IBM’s Interactive Instruc-
tional System (IIS). With CSF, courses
can be authored and executed under
either the TRAINER-3000 or the IIS sys-
tem. For additional information contact
Computer Systems Research, Inc., P.O.
Box 45, Avon, CT 06001 . Call Michael L.
Daversa (203) 678-1212.

PAYROLL

Payroll system utilizes Pascal Run-
Time module for speed but you don’t
need the Language Card to run it — it
works on any 48K Apple ][. Computes all
Federal and State Income Taxes, plus
other state and local taxes for any and all
50 states and Washington, D.C. Capacity
of 300 employees, 15 Divisions/Stores in
multiple states . . . any state. CJp to 30 ad-
ditional deduction types. Prints payroll
check, check register, W-2 Forms, all
summary and quarterly reports, and em-
ployee lists. Documentation is clearly
written and easy to use. Contact Broder-
bund Software, Box 3266, Eugene, OR
97403 (503) 343-9024.

Medical Billing system for the Apple
handles up to ten physicians and over
7000 accounts. Includes RVS and ICDA
codes. Entirely menu driven and easy to
use. Supports SuperBill, Medi-Care,
Medi-Cal, other. Professional Medical
Software, 3604 Foothill Blvd., La Cres-
centa, CA 91214 (213) 248-2884.

SPELLING SYSTEM

Compu-Spell spelling system is both
simple and effective. Accurate student
learning is enhanced by use of positive
feedback. Selected high-resolution dis-
plays embed spelling words in para-
graphs, and asks the learner to replicate
spelling as the computer monitors pro-
gress. An elaborate operating system
supports multiple student use in the
classroom environment, while separate
data diskettes make it affordable to indi-
vidual home users. System contains op-
erating system, sample spelling units
from each of the six available data disk-
ettes (grade levels 4-8 plus secretarial).
Requires 48K Applesoft ROM and one
disk drive — System diskette $29.95 —
data diskettes $19.95 each. Edu-Ware
Services, Inc., 22222 Sherman Way,
Suite 1 02, Canoga Park, CA 9 1 303 (2 1 3)
346-6783.

SENTENCE DIAGRAMMING

Sentence Diagramming, parts of
speech and usage includes 3 levels of dif-
ficulty, 20 sentences per level with op-
tional record-keeping on data disk and
printouts. Teacher formatted require-
ments for advancing to next level and op-
tions to exclude actual sentence diagram-
ming. Requires Apple ][ Plus 48K 1 or 2
disk drives — $19.95. Avant-Garde Crea-
tions, Box 30161, Eugene, OR 97403
(503)345-3043.

TOUCH TYPING

Touch Typing Tutor improves your
typing. Includes 4 lesson plans. Uses
short exercises and longer paragraph
drills to teach keys and drill on problem
areas. It advances at the user’s pace, not
proceeding to more difficult levels until
proficiency is shown at current levels. Im-
mediate feedback on speed, weak keys
and percent accuracy. Requires 32K RAM
and one disk drive. In both integer and
Applesoft on disk — $19.95. Sold
through Microsoft retail dealers or Micro-
soft Consumer Products, 400 108th Ave.
N.E., Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004
(206) 454-1315.

The ACCOUNTANT, a finance data
base system, features double entry with
optional prompting (for those not com-
fortable with debits and credits) that
translates increases and decreases to
debits and credits. Its natural dialogue
and user orientation enables the AC-
COUNTANT to offer the advantages of
double entry record keeping without the
apparent complexity of such systems. As
many as 63 accounts and 63 codes can be
defined. Other features of the AC-
COUNTANT includes a Balance Sheet,
flexible queries, fast retrieval using in-
verted pointers, data compression allow-
ing 2500 to 4000 transactions on a single
diskette, integrated files, memory man-
agement, a built-in calculator, scroll and
page modes, automatic transactions,
monthly summaries, and complete docu-
mentation. Included are a demonstration
data base and a tutorial. The ACCOUN-
TANT requires an Apple ][ with 48K —
$89.95. Decision Support Software,
1438 Ironwood Drive, McLean, VA
22101(703) 241-8316.

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT

*** APARTMENT INFORMATION tt«

I DISPLAY APT INFORMATION
2. MODE IN HEM RESIDENT

3 HOME OUT RESIDENT

4 LEASE EXPIRATION REPORT
5. NOTICE TO 0 AC ATE REPORT
£ UACANCY REPORT •

? APARTHENVRESIOEHT LISTING
& RETURN TO RESIDENT MANAGER MENU

*** ENTER A SELECT ION S ***

The Landlord is an apartment manage-
ment software package for Apple ] [ com-
puters. The system can be used by apart-
ment properties of up to 400 units.
Provides listings of apartments, resi-
dents, and past residents, as well as
reports on vacancies, lease expirations,
intents to vacate, and resident payments.
Records of disbursements and other fi-
nancial transactions are maintained by
the system and a monthly property analy-
sis statement is produced. Security and
pet deposits, returned checks, and over-
payments are also handled by the system.
An outstanding balance report allows ex-
pedient follow-up of deliquent residents.
Requires 48K, 2 disk drives and a Silen-
type or Centronics 779 printer — $795.
See your local store for information or
contact MIN microcomputer Software,
Inc., 5835- A Peachtree Corners East,
Norcross, GA 30092 (404) 447-4322.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 91

Graphics

GRAPH PROGRAM

Data-Plot graph program by Muse is
easy to use. Menu driven options feature
quick data entry and editing, bar charts
and line graphs, scatter diagrams, pie
charts, multiple line and additive bar
plots, automatic or manual scaling and
labeling, basic statistics. All plots may be
output to a Trendcom or Silentype
printer. Includes tutorial manual and pro-
gram disk. Requires Applesoft ROM and
48K. $59.95. Muse, 330 N. Charles St.,
Baltimore, MD 21201 (301) 659-7212.

PRINTER GRAPHICS

Agent Computer Services offers soft-
ware for hi-quality Hi-Res pictures with
Image- Writer for Spinwriter/Spinterm —
Diablo — Qume. Color separation is also a
standard feature. Print either page or por-
tion of a page — $69.95. They also offer
hard copy graphics for the Okidata
Microline 80 printer with Oki-Image/Oki-
Adapter. The package includes a cable
which makes both text and graphics
available with the Apple ][ and a very
powerful Hi-Res Screen Dump. Print any
page or portion of a page in six print
sizes — $89.95. Agent Computer Ser-
vices, RR #3, Columbia City, IN 46725
(219)625-3600.

STAR GAZER’S GUIDE

Star Gazer’s Guide is a Hi-Resolution
handbook of the Constellations for the
Apple ] [. Permits you to display at will the
entire summer or winter sky of the north-
ern hemisphere, or any specific section
thereof, in great detail. Constellations dis-
played with or without outlines. Major
galaxies, nebulae, clusters, double stars,
etc., are pinpointed by special symbols
for quick identification. Brightest stars
are identified by name and location in
each constellation. Completely menu
driven. Requires 48K, disk, Applesoft
ROM — $30. At your local dealer or from
Synergistic Software, 5221 120th Ave.,
S.E., Bellevue, WA 98006 (206)
641-1917.

PRINTER GRAPHCS

SMARType upgrades your Apple Si-
lentype Printer to a high-quality text
printer by adding the following features:
New character fonts, 60, 80, 96 and 120
characters per line, lower case letters with
true descenders in one pass. Recognizes
type faces created by the following font
editor programs: Apple DOS 3.3 Tool Kit
Animatrix, Synergistic Software’s Higher
Text, Mountain Hardware’s Keyboard Fil-
ter Font Editor, Programma’s The Type-
setter. Also includes a stand-alone utility
to dump a Hi-Res picture to the silentype
as a regular or full page. Requires DOS
3.3 and Silentype printer. SMARType
uses 1924 bytes of memory $29. Soft-
smith, P.O. Box 272, Kansas City, MO
64141(913)492-8882.

Languages (Programming)

APPLESOFT COMPILER

Applesoft Compiler can increase a
BASIC Program’s speed ten-fold while
occupying only 3,200 bytes of memory. It
can be run on a 48K Apple ] [ Plus or Apple
][ with Applesoft in ROM, the Autostart
ROM chip and at least one disk drive. It
will also work on systems equipped with
the Apple Language system or Microsoft
RAMCard. Compiler produces true ma-
chine code at a user specified address.
Handles Hi-Res graphics and shape
tables. Arithmetic completed for faster
operation. Permits multiple programs in
memory at the same time — $200. Hay-
den Book Company, Inc., 50 Essex St.,
Rochelle Park, NJ 07662(201)843-0550.

TINY PASCAL

Tiny Pascal for the Apple ][ includes
support of the major programming con-
structs, ability to specify procedures and
functions, local and/or global variables,
generation of a compiled code and trans-
portability. Consists of three compo-
nents: the Line Editor, the P-code Com-
piler, the Runtime Interpreter. Editor
commands include Filer, Load, Save, Ap-
pend, Change string, Delete line or range,
Insert lines, List, Menu, Print source pro-
gram, Quit editor, Replace a line. Integer
and one-dimensional Array of Integer
data types permitted. Constructs include
CASE-OF-ELSE, WHILE-DO, IF-THEN,
ELSE, REPEATE-CJNTIL, FOR-
TO/DOWNTO-DO, BEGIN-END, MEM,
CONST, VAR, ARRAY. Supports both
LORES and HIRES graphics with COL-
OR, HGRAPHICS, HCOLOR, HPLOT,
AND PDL. On disk for $50. Abacus Soft-
ware, P.O. Box 7211, Grand Rapids, MI
49510.

ASSEMBLER/DISASSEMBLER

Two pass assembler, disassembler and
editor single load program that occupies
only 7K of memory. You can move freely
between assembling and disassembling.
Editing is both character and line ori-
ented. The two pass disassemblies create
editable source files. Encompasses a
large number of pseudo opcodes, allows
linked assemblies, software stacking
(single and multiple page) and complete
control of printer. Requires 48K and one
disk drive — $50. UK Enterprises Inc.,
P.O. Box 10827, St. Louis, MO 63129
(314) 846-2313.

BASIC TUTOR

BASIC Tutor Series on seven disks
contains 67 programs designed for the
novice programmer and for those inter-
ested in learning how to program the Ap-
ple computer in Applesoft BASIC. The
seven disks include introduction to pro-
gramming and system commands,
graphics, text files, computer sounds,
program studies (flip pages, shapes,
tables, random functions), concatena-
tion, mid/right, program length, sort,
poke shapes, audio/video, day of dates,
disk map, Applesoft pointers and much
more. $ 190/series and documentation.
Disk 8 contains program and subroutines
that novice programmers can include in
your work as you write programs. $39.
Educational Courseware, 3 Nappa Lane,
Westport, CT 06880.

FORTH-LIKE LANGUAGE CARD

MicroSpeed is a fully-developed, struc-
tured, high-level language system (on a
peripheral card) for the Apple ][. Included
are 35 floating point commands, multi-
dimensional arrays, string handling, print
formatting and text editing. Covers both
Lo and Hi-Res graphics functions with ex-
tentions for automatic clipping, turtle
graphics and hi-res text writing. More
than twice as many commands as Apple-
soft and unlimited additional commands
may be created by the user. Running
speed is increased by approximately ten-
fold (over Applesoft) and for programs
using a variety of floating-point functions
(for square roots, the speed ratio is over
sixty). Compiler is available in memory at
all times — $495 each. User’s manual
$35. Applied Analytics Incorporated,
5406 Roblee Drive, Upper Marlboro, MD
20870 (301)627-6681.

PAGE 92

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

Simulations/Games

FLIGHT SIMULATOR

Flight Simulator with British Ace 3D
Aerial Battle is written in machine lan-
guage for speed and realism. Accurate
flight characteristics allow the non-pilot
to learn basic flight control while the ex-
perienced pilot can explore an aircraft’s
flight characteristics in depth. Real time
three-dimension out-the-window view of
flight is updated at an average of 3 time
per second. The fast update speed results
in easy control during takeoffs and land-
ings as well as in normal flight. Uses key-
board and/or joystick for input and flight
control. Requires 16K minimum either
cassette or disk. 40 page user’s manual
provided — cassette $25 disk $33.50 plus
$1.50 shipping UPS or First Class.
subLOGIC Communications Corp., Box
V, Savoy, IL 61874 (217) 359-8482.

TIME LORD

Based on the Dr. Who of PBS fame,
Time Lord is an adventure whereby the
player must eliminate the evil “master”.
Resources include a hyperspace-worthy
vessel, clones who will fight for you, the
CRASER weapons of the Tardus and
magic weapons such as Fusion Grenades
and Borelian Matrix Crystals. Traveling
through hyperspace, you will encounter
Time Eaters, Neutron Storms and other
alien creatures and phenomena. Enter-
ing real space to search planets, you will
encounter still other dangers. Requires
48K and disk— $29.95. At your local
store or TSE-Hardside, 6 South St., Mil-
ford, NH 03055 (800) 258-1790 in New
Hampshire (603) 673-5144.

STRATEGY

From one of the finer strategy game
publishers, several simulations: Lords of
Karma where the player finds himself in a
mythical magical city to perform as many
deeds of kindness and bravery as possi-
ble. A science fiction alien attack game,
conflict 2500, alters its strategy to tease
the player. Based on the board game, Ac-
quire has as its object the acquisition of as
much wealth as possible. Other military
simulations include B- 1 Nuclear Bomber,
Midway Campaign, North Atlantic Con-
voy Raider, Nukewar and Planet Miners.
The Avalon Hill Game Company, 4517
Harford Road, Baltimore, MD 21214
(301)254-5300.

NEW GAMES

Creative Computing Software broad-
ens their line with new games. Story Time
offers children a seemingly endless vari-
ety of illustrated stories featuring them-
selves, their friends and their personal
likes and dislikes. Trivia unlimited tests
knowledge in seven areas: science, geo-
graphy, history, computers, TV and
movies, English and trivia. Outdoor
Games uses color graphics in four chal-
lenging games. Crosswords allows the
user to construct his/her own crossword
puzzles or solve 24 preprogrammed
ones. Action Games include Cycle Jump,
Road Machine and Mine Rover. Bumping
Games consists of Parrot, a “Simon-like”
game, Dueling Digits and Darts. Strategy
Games include Blockade, Depth Charge,
Checkers, and Tunnel Vision. Available
on both cassette and disk, prices range
from $11.95 to $24.95. See your local
dealer or contact Creative Computing, 39
E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950
(800) 631-8112.

WAR GAMES

Three new wargames have been re-
leased: Computer Conflict, Computer Air
Combat, and The Warp Factor. The first
consists of two introductory games,
Rebel Force and Red Attack! Using ar-
mored, infantry, and heavy weapons
companies, you must negotiate the Hi-
Res mapboard while being opposed by
minefields, ambushes, militia, and anti-
tank guns. Red Attack! is a two player
game that simulates an invasion by a
mixed tank and infantry force against a
defending battalion. Complete with rule-
book $39.95. Computer Air Combat is an
advanced game for those who wish to re-
create WWI1 aerial combat. Each player
must choose from among 36 famous
fighters or bombers. Each plane is
rated — in strict historical accuracy and
detail — for firepower, speed, maneuver-
ability, damage tolerance, and climbing
and diving ability. Five scenarios are pro-
vided. Complete with rule book, two
mapboard charts, and three player-aid
charts $59.95. The Warp Factor allows
one or two players to choose from among
12 starship designs representing 5 Galac-
tic Empires. The players are placed
squarely in the Captain’s role, dealing
with the critical parameters of interstellar
battle (shields, disruptor bolts, screens,
warp engines, etc.). Complete with
manual, 3 starship data cards, game
selection card. Requires Applesoft ROM
and 48K. Strategic Simulations, Inc., 465
Fairchild Drive, Suite 108, Mountain
View, CA 94043 (415) 964-1353.

RUBIK’S CUBE

Rubik’s Cube for the Apple ][ gives full
color Hi-Res 3D views or permits play in
text mode for black and white monitors.
You may start from a solved cube, start at
random, enter a specific starting point,
save on disk to resume later. Requires
48K Applesoft and one disk drive. Spe-
cify DOS 3.2 or 3.3 — $19.95. Software
Alternatives, Inc., 4020 Elmhurst,
Toledo, OH 43613.

THREE MILE ISLAND
SPECIAL EDITION

Muse has released two updated ver-
sions of its popular game software, Three
Mile Island Special Edition and The Best
of Muse. Both new issues run on any Ap-
ple ][ or ] [ Plus with disk drive. Each retails
for $39.95 at local computer stores.
Three Mile Island has been entirely rewrit-
ten in quick-response machine language
and 6 colors — 48K required. The Best of
Muse presents five popular game pro-
grams: Escape, The Maze Game (both in
three dimensions), Tank War, the Music
Box and Side Shows’ six mini-games —
32K required. At local stores or contact
Muse, 330 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD
21201(301)659-7212.

Special Items

HANDICAPPED

TYPEWRITER

Handicapped Typewriter is a com-
plete electric typewriter without a
keyboard. The use of a simple switch
allows full operation. For the se-
verely disabled, this typewriter is
easily operated by a single switch
closure which controls the move-
ment of a cursor across and up a tele-
vision screen. Operating program
includes a word and phrase diction-
ary that allows items to be added or
deleted by the user, a simulation of a
hand-held calculator with nine digits
accuracy, a telephone directory,
dialing and answering facility, an en-
vironmental control system. Re-
quires 48K with disk and printer, a
simple switch, environmental con-
trol uses Hayes Micromodem ] [ and
Mountain Computer’s Introl X- 1 0 for
BSR control modules, and Compan-
ion Handsfree Telephone. Soft-
war — $100. Rocky Mountain Soft-
ware Inc., 1038 Hamilton St., Van-
couver, B.C. V6B 2R9 Canada (604)
681-3371.

(continued on page 94)

UNLEASH
YOUR MIND
WITH OUR
DREAM
MACHINES.

Our products are a breed apart
from the clutter of other “computer”
games that so often are no more than
hyped- up video games giving you
pretty pictures and little substance.
After the novelty has worn off, they
are quietly discarded. In our opinion,
this is a pretty poor value.

Not so with our games.

STATE-OF-THE-ART PROGRAMS

At Strategic Simulations Inc, our
state-of-the-art simulation programs
are designed with one purpose: to
provide you with computer games
unmatched in sophistication, excite-
ment realism, and playability.

All of which translates into one
word: fun. Lasting fun, because they
are designed by thinking men for
the Thinking Man.

With a little help from your
imagination, our software will con-
vert your Apple® into a veritable
Dream Machine that transcends the
barriers of time and space.

OUR UNIVERSAL
DREAM MACHINES.

If your idea of a truly great game

is one where more than manual
dexterity is required - where plan-
ning and plotting based on strategic
and tactical skills are essential to
victory - then we’re thinking along
the same lines.

Speaking of lines, our complete
and ever-expanding line of quality
games will fit your needs perfectly -
whether you’re into historical war-
gaming, fantasy/science fiction,
business, or sports simulations.

You see, our designers’ creativity
knows no bounds.

UNCOMPROMISING

STANDARDS

As varied as our programs may
be, they all share common features
without which they could not meet
our demanding standards.

To approximate the “you-are-
there” feeling so desirable in game
playing, all our simulations are
created with loving attention to
accuracy and meticulous detail.

In recognizing the difficulty of
always finding a ready and able
human opponent we have made
sure the computer can serve as your

adversary in solitaire play. And if you
are expecting a pushover, you’re in
for quite a surprise!

For those dedicated to the
ultimate gaming experience, we have
exactly what you’ve been looking for.

We’ve made quite a statement
and we’re ready to back it up. Our
14-day money back guarantee is your
assurance of complete satisfaction.

ORDER YOUR
DREAM MACHINE TODAY.

If you own an Apple®II 48K
(Applesoft ROM) and a SV*” mini-
floppy disc drive, you can own our
Dream Machines today and unleash
your mind.

Credit card holders, call
800-227-1617, ext. 335 (toll free)
and charge your order to your VISA
or MASTERCARD. In California, call
800-772-3545, ext 335.

To order by mail, send your check
to: Strategic Simulations Inc,

Dept. OA1, 465 Fairchild Drive, Suite
108, Mountain View, CA 94043.

□ COMPUTER BISMARCK™: $59.95.*

□ COMPUTER NAPOLEONICS™: $59.95.

□ COMPUTER CONFLICT™: $39.95.

□ THE WARP FACTOR™: $39.95.

□ CARTELS & CUTTHROATS™: $39.95.

* COMPUTER BISMARCK™ is available for TRS-i

□ COMPUTER AMBUSH™: $59.95.
□ COMPUTER QUARTERBACK™: $39.95.

□ COMPUTER AIR COMBAT™: $59.95.

□ OPERATION APOCALYPSE™: $59.95.

□ TORPEDO FIRE™: $59.95.

cassette 32K: $49.95; and TRS-80 48K disc: $59.95.

As part of our demanding standards of excellence, we use ITIBXBlI floppy discs.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc TRS-80 is a registered trademark of the Tandy Corporation

PAGE 94

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

Communications

TEXT CAPTURE

Data Capture 4.0 is a communications
program for use with the D.C. Hayes
Micromodem or the Apple Communica-
tions Card. Includes a user-controllable
text buffer which can be easily edited.
Both prepared and captured text is modi-
fiable. An unlimited amount of text can
be captured in most circumstances. This
is automatically controlled by the pro-
gram which alternatively captures then
saves the incoming text. Programs are
made into text files with a utility and can
be sent as well. Data Capture can even be
called and controlled remotely from
another system. At your local dealer or
contact Southeastern Software, 6414
Derbyshire Drive, New Orleans, LA
70126(504) 246-8438.

PASCAL DATA COMMUNICATION

Pascal software for the Hayes Micro-
modem ][. Datacom is a data-communi-
cations-software package for use with the
Hayes Micromodem ][ for Pascal
equipped Apple ] [ computers. Consists of
a terminal program that allows data and
program exchange. It uses the Apples
Pascal routines for ease and accuracy,
and Hayes Micromodem routines are
used so that a programmer can include
data-communications commands in his
or her Pascal program. At stores for $50.
Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.,
5835 Peachtree Corners E., Norcross, GA
30092 (404) 449-8791.

AUTO-MODEM

Auto-Modem from Computer Station
allows for “turnkey” use of the D.C. Hayes
Micromodem ] [. User may select from the
following menu: Auto-Dialer, Auto-
Answer, Auto-Caller, Auto-Message,
Self-Test. File Maintenance, Quit. Re-
quires DOS 3.3, Applesoft ROM, 48K and
one disk drive — $39.95. Also available is
an excellent bulletin board and compu-
terized message management system for
the Apple ][ using the same modem. The
following categories are supported: Ap-
ple bulletin board systems, Bulletin
board (read/leave messages), Chat with
system operator, Download programs,
Goodbye (accepts user feedback before
hangup), Information about the system,
Mail (send/receive private letters), Nulls
on or off, Off allows immediate signoff,
Programming tips for Apple users, Spe-
cial interest topics, Time, Users listing of
systems callers. Requirements as
above — $124.95. Computer Station,
11610 Page Service Drive, St. Louis, MO
63141(314) 432-7019.

Utilities

FAST SORTER

Hypersort for the Apple ][ sorts 1000
items in four seconds using machine
code. Sorts any single dimensioned array
in memory and uses no additional mem-
ory for the sort. Handles integer, real and
string arrays. Relocates almost anywhere
in memory. Demonstration program and
full documentation — $24.95. Matthew
Jew & Erik Kilk, 2419 Durant #21, Ber-
keley, CA 94704.

MONITOR UTILITY/ASSEMBLER

Apple Monitor Extender is a utility pro-
gram that works in complete harmony
with the Apple monitor. Screen display
shows memory in Hex, ASCII or Binary.
Move data anywhere in memory without
regard to direction or overlapping and
read or write any sector on disk. Study,
modify or disassemble any program,
complete with labels. Several programs
may be combined, and the entire dis-
assembled text file stored on disk/tape for
later assembly. Includes slow list feature.
Image Computer Products, 615 Acad-
emy Drive, Northbrook, IL 60062 (312)
564-5060.

PROGRAMMER’S UTILITIES

Dakin5 Programming Aids 3.3 pro-
vides 12 utility programs to facilitate the
development of your own programs. The
Lister sends BASIC programs to the
printer to be listed with headings, pagina-
tion, date. Line Cross Reference produces
references by GOTO, THEN, GOSUB,
LIST, or RUN statements. Variable Cross
Reference displays all variable names and
their respective line numbers. The Peeker
displays or prints all selected records
from a text file. The Patcher allows you to
display any sector of a given file or pro-
gram and then update any data within
that sector. The Copier copies any type of
file from one diskette to another. The cal-
culator allows twenty place accuracy to
add, subtract, multiply and divide very
large numbers. The diskette copy checks
input and output to see that they match.
Allows copies without DOS. The Array
Editor is a simple word processor. The
Screen Printer permits the contents of the
screen to be sent to a printer. The Promp-
ter is a data entry subroutine. The Crun-
cher removes REM’s, unreferences (dead)
code and compresses code in Applesoft
programs. See your local dealer or con-
tact Dakin5 Corp., P.O. Box 21 187, Den-
ver, CO 80221 (800) 525-0463.

Word Processors

The Executive Secretary, a new, pro-
fessional word processing system for the
Apple includes an 85 page manual,
oriented to the beginner. Features an
integrated card file system so that cus-
tomized form letters and standard-form
documents can be produced easily. Both
40 and 80 character edit modes are in-
cluded, with true lower case and live shift
key, page numbering, headings, forms
management and Visicalc compatibility.
Two other professional features are an IF
command that allows conditional partial
printing based on the contents of your
database and an abbreviation feature that
allows you to write in “shorthand” which
the printer will expand to “longhand”.
This one has an extensive command set.
Personal Business Systems, Inc., 4306
Upton Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN
55410(612)929-4120.

Superscribe word processor for the
Apple gives true upper/lower case text on
your screen with no additional hardware.
Works with documents larger than the
amount of memory in your Apple —
transparent to you. Edits any binary or
text file or documents. Designate keys for
often-type words, global search and/or re-
place. On-line instructions, supports mul-
tiple drives and alternate character sets.
Produces form letters using address files.
Supports shift key modification if made
to your Apple. Works with any printer and
supports the Language Card or any 16K
expansion RAM card. Machine lan-
guage — $89.95. At your local store or
On-Line System, 36575 Mudge Ranch
Road, Coarsegold, CA 93614 (209)
683-6858.

Apple PIE (Programma International
Editor) and FORMAT (text formatter) are
powerful programs that provide docu-
ment preparation and word processing
capabilities previously found only on
much larger computer systems. PIE is a
general purpose, full screen editor that
features a full range of editing capabilities
such as search and replace, delete, copy,
insert, move. FORMAT uses simple in-
structions embedded in the input text to
describe the desired appearance of the
final document. It handles centering,
underlining, indenting, page numbering,
margins, headers, footers, even form let-
ters, and includes a proofing capability —
$129.95. At your local store or Pro-
gramma, 2908 N. Naomi St., Burbank,
CA 91504 (213) 954-0240.

Take Your Cue From Vista . .

When it comes to Apples, take your cue
from Vista’s A800 Eight-Inch Floppy Disk
Controller. The A800 offers a cost-efficient
approach to software compatible disk
memory expansion for your Apple II® computer.
The A800 Controller enables Apple II users to
access up to five megabytes of online storage
through conventional disk operating (DOS)
commands.

The Control and DMA Logic provides high speed
(1 microsecond per byte) transfer of data from
the disk drive directly to the Apple II memory
without processor intervention. Plus, the Phase-
Locked Loop Data Separator provides the
ultimate in data reliability.

AND THERE’S MORE.

The controller is compatible with the most
popular disk operating
systems for the

It'S
Sure
Shot.

Apple II computer. It also interfaces to all
Shugart/ANSI Standard Eight-Inch Floppy Disk
Drives. The A800 provides complete IBM for-

a mat compatibility in both single and double-
density modes.

THE HOT SHOT AT A COOL PRICE.

The A800 is reasonably priced at $595. A
price you can’t beat when you compare its
quality and performance.

CALL YOUR SHOTS.

Vista offers you a complete line of peripheral
equipment to maximize the capabilities of
your Apple system including: High capacity Mini-
floppy Disk Drives, the Vista Music Machine 9
and the Vista Model 150 Type Ahead Buffer. In
addition, Vista offers a line of advanced
components fully compatible with the
TRS-80* and S-lOO based
computers.

Computer
W l9Mdl Company
1 31 7 E. Edinger Avenue
Santa Ana, CA 92705
(714) 953-0523

Call Toll Free 800-854-801 7

® Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.
# TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, A Tandy Co.

PAGE 96

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

CATALOGS

Data products catalog for users of Data
Processing and Microfilm. Includes such
items as CRT trays, stands, binders,
cables and connectors, anti-static mats,
cases, clocks, fire extinguishers, safes,
voltage surge protectors, digital cas-
settes, diskettes, labels, mailers, magne-
tic tape storage, microfiche accessories,
paper, printwheels, racks, ribbons and
rulers/templates. Many useful items.
Devoke Data Products, P.O. Box 51230,
Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 494-8844.

Hobbyworld Electronics offers a cata-
log of discrete components and elec-
tronic components, many for use in digi-
tal applications. They also distribute
printers, monitors, mods. Kalglo Elec-
tronics Co., Inc., Colony Drive Industrial
Park, 66584 Ruch Road-E. Allen Twp.,
Bethlehem, PA 18017 (800) 521-9685
locally dial (215) 865-0006.

California Computer Systems product
catalog contains hardware for the Apple.
Some of the items include a Calendar/
Clock Module, a Programmable Timer, a
3 3 /4 Digit Analog-to-Digital Converter,
an Extender Board, Serial and Parallel In-
terfaces and an Arithmetic Processor.
CCS, 250 Caribbean Drive, Sunnyvale,
CA 94086 (408) 734-5811.

Software catalog from Creative Comput-
ing contains a good section of games
such as Saucer Invasion, Baseball,
Haunted House, Space War, Mission Im-
possible Adventure, several Ecology
Simulations, a Scientific Plotter and
Curve Fitter and educational software
developed by the Minnesota Educational
Computer Consortium (some excellent
stuff — Ed.). Creative Computing, P.O.
Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960 (201)
540-0445.

A catalog of hardware and software for
the Apple includes such items as A Stellar
Trek— the definitive Hi-Res color version
of the classic Startrek game, Versawriter
][ — a drawing tablet with excellent soft-
ware intelligence built in, Bowling Data
System — a data management system
providing accurate record keeping and
report generation for bowling leagues,
Super Sound — musical rhythms, gun-
shots, sirens, laser blasts, explosions, etc.
Catalog — free. Rainbow Computing Inc.,
Garden Plaza Shopping Center, 9719
Reseda Blvd., Northridge, CA 91324
(213) 349-5560.

The Complete Computer Catalog in-
cludes mail order hardware and software
for the Apple ] [. Includes such items as an
arithmetic processor from CCS, the Ver-
saWriter graphics tablet, adventure
games (Zork, Temple of Apshai, etc.),
simulations, text editors, graphics pro-
grams and various languages. TSE/Hard-
side, 6 South St., Milford, NH 03055 (800)
258-1790.

Cable Catalog has everything you need
to interconnect equipment: connectors,
modem cable, serpentine, 24-pin I/O con-
nectors, DEC compatible cables, coax,
ribbon, junction panels, wall outlets/
plates. Prewired RS-232-C, null modems,
breakout box and interface analyzer,
switch boxes, custom cables. Data Set
Cable Company, Inc., 722 Danbury Rd.,
Ridgefield, CT 06877 (203) 438-9684.

Apple Buyers Guide includes 1000 list-
ings of software, accessories, supplies
and books for the Apple computer.
Volume discounts available. Guide is
growing at a rate of 1 00 items per month.
72 hour turnaround. $5 refunded with
first purchase. Wallace Computers, Ac-
cessories and Supplies, Inc., 1024 W.
Willcox, Peoria, IL 61604 (309)
685-7876.

Adventure International publishes a
catalog of software for the Apple ][. In-
cludes the Scott Adams series of adven-
tures, utility software, Galactic Saga,
Interactive Fiction, Kid-venture,
Planetoids, Poker Tournaments and
more. AI, P.O. Box 729, Casselberry, FL
32707 (800) 327-7172, in Florida (305)
862-6917.

Apple Computer, Inc., is offering its
new catalog called Special Delivery Soft-
ware. These are programs that Apple has
not developed but feels are good enough
to include in the catalog. They’re useful
and exciting programs. The first catalog
contains 12 programs, including a per-
sonal-finance manager, a BASIC teach-
ing program, stepwise multiple regres-
sion, programs for learning geometry
and measurement, games, a Pascal ani-
mation package, a Pilot animation pro-
gram, electronic music and a CIS geo-
graphy package. Prices are in the $35 to
$ 1 50 range. Visit your local dealer or call
toll free (800) 538-8400 in California
(800) 672-1424.

MISCELLANEOUS

PEEL OFF LABELS

Disk SPOTter is a peel-off label that
identifies your disk format at a glance.
Each pack contains 60 spots for 3.2, 3.3,
Pascal and a blank for you to fill in with
names of word processors, data bases,
systems, etc. — $1.29 suggested retail.
See your local dealer or contact Silver-
man Enterprises, Inc., 3673 Bassett
Court, S. San Francisco, CA 94080 (415)
878-5382.

DESK TOP FURNITURE

The Apple-Crate is a desk top package
that puts all your components into one
package. Holds two drives, the Apple and
a monitor (on top). Built by the same
company that manufactures top-line
stereo speaker cabinets. It’s rugged,
scratch and stain resistant and looks like
an expensive piece of furniture but costs
only $49.95. At your local store or Soft-
sel, 4079 Glencoe Avenue, Marina del
Rey, CA 90291 (800) 421-0980, in Cali-
fornia (213) 822-8933.

COPY HOLDER

Copy stand keeps work directly in front
of the operator. Fits most terminals in-
cluding the Apple ][. The units can sup-
port a telephone book and other heavy
reference manuals or manuscripts. In-
stallation is quick and easy. Prices start at
$19.95 for the 16 inch model. FKay
Corp., P.O. Box 11463, Costa Mesa, CA
92677 (714) 548-2081.

COMPUTER DESK

Computer desk with custom fitted
areas to hold the Apple ][ or ][ Plus com-
puter is handcrafted in wood. The drawer
in front is designed to hold the computer
at a comfortable typing height, and a
space saving custom area for the disk
drives is easily accessible for loading
diskettes. Work area of 27 x 48 inches
and is built to a height of 30 inches. Cable
cut-outs in back. Finished in Salem
Maple stain or other on request — $400.
Custom designs are offered. Fumwood
Manufacturing, 5665 S.W. Carman Dr.,
Lake Oswego, OR 97034 (503) 636- 1 99^1 .

TYPE-W-TALK IS T.N.T.

The exciting text-to-speech synthesizer
that has every computer talking.

• Unlimited vocabulary

• Built-in text-to-speech
algorithm

• 70 to 100 bits-per-second
speech synthesizer

Type-'N-Talk™ an important technological
advance from Votrax, enables your com-
puter to talk to you simply and clearly —
with an unlimited vocabulary. You can
enjoy the many features of Type-'N-Talk™
the new text-to-speech synthesizer, for
just $345.00.

You operate Type-'N-Talk™ by simply typ-
ing English text and a talk command.

Your typewritten words are automatically
translated into electronic speech by the
system's microprocessor-based text-to-
speech algorithm.

The endless uses of
speech synthesis.

Type-'N-Talk™ adds a whole new world of
speaking roles to your computer. You can
program verbal reminders to prompt you
through a complex routine and make your
computer announce events. In teaching,
the computer with Type-'N-Talk ™can
actually tell students when they're right
or wrong — even praise a correct answer.
And of course, Type-'N-Talk™ is great fun
for computer games. Your games come to
life with spoken threats of danger, re-
minders, and praise. Now all computers
can speak. Make yours one of the first.

Text-to-speech is easy.

English text is automatically translated
into electronically synthesized speech
with Type-'N-Talk™ ASCII code from
your computer's keyboard is fed to
Type-'N-Talk™through an RS 232C inter-
face to generate synthesized speech.

Just enter English text and hear the verbal

response (electronic speech) through your
audio loud speaker. For example: simply
type the ASCII characters representing
"h-e-l-l-o" to generate the spoken
word "hello."

TYPE-IV-TALKhas its
own memory.

Type-'N-Talk™ has its own built-in micro-
processor and a 750 character buffer to hold
the words you've typed. Even the smallest
computer can execute programs and speak
simultaneously. Type-'N-Talk ™doesn't have
to use your host computer's memory, or tie it
up with time-consuming text translation.

Data switching capability
allows for ONLINE usage.

Place Type-'N-Talk™ between a computer
or modem and a terminal. Type-'N-Talk™
can speak all data sent to the terminal
while online with a computer. Information
randomly accessed from a data base can
be verbalized. Using the Type-'N-Talk™
data switching capability, the unit can be
"de-selected" while data is sent to the ter-
minal and vice-versa — permitting speech
and visual data to be independently sent
on a single data channel.

Selectable features make
interfacing versatile.

Type-'N-Talk™can be interfaced in several
ways using special control characters.
Connect it directly to a computer's serial
interface. Then a terminal, line printer, or
additional Type-'N-Talk™ units can be
connected to the first Type-'N-Talk™
eliminating the need for additional
RS-232C ports on your computer.

Using unit assignment codes, multiple
Type-'N-Talk ™units can be daisy-chained.
Unit addressing codes allow independent
control of Type-'N-Talk™ units and
your printer.

Look what you get for $345.00.
TYPE-W-TAL.K comes with:

• Text-to-speech algorithm

• A one-watt audio amplifier

• SC-01 speech synthesizer chip (data
rate: 70 to 100 bits per second)

• 750 character buffer

• Data switching capability

• Selectable data modes for versatile
interfacing

• Baud rate (75-9600)

• Data echo of ASCII characters

• Phoneme access modes

• RS 232C interface

• Complete programming and installation
instructions

The Votrax Type-'N-Talk™ is one of the
easiest-to-program speech synthesizers on
the market. It uses the least amount of
memory and it gives you the most flexible
vocabulary available anywhere.

Order now. Toll free.

| Call the toll-free number below to

■ order or request additional infor-
S mation. MasterCard or Visa

■ accepted. Charge to your credit
P card or send a check for $345.00

■ plus $4.00 delivery. Add 4 % sales
tax in Michigan.

■ 1 - 800 - 521 - 1350 .

'VcAcwc'

■

Distributed by Vodex
A Votrax Company — Dept. RT
500 Stephenson Highway, Troy, MI 48084
(313) 588-0341

Type-'N-Talk™ is covered by a limited warranty.
Write Votrax for a free copy.

The business information
you need at the turn
of a key.

Datadex is a new

interactive business /

management system / /

designed for the Apple /

personal computer. It’s from
IUS, the people who brought you
Easy Writer™ and who are bringing you
new products for office automation,
education, and development systems.

Datadex is short for data index. It lets you
put all your business data into your Apple
the way you like to see it and manipulate it
any way you want. It adapts to your way
of doing business.

Want to generate a sales report? Just press
four keys and fill in the blanks. That puts
your sales data into the computer. Now,
your report: Datadex designs it for you,
based on what you’ve entered. Nothing to
it. That’s power!

You can do the same with phone lists,
mailing lists, dealer names or inventories.

They all enter Datadex and form your own
personal data base.

Want to find a company but don’t know
how to spell its name? Try something that
sounds close, and our Soundex routine will
find it. It is very forgiving on typos and
extra spaces.

-=< CHECKBOOK >~-

CHECK# 181 S3/23 1981

PAYEE

ALOIS JUS ZUKP2AHSKI

AMOUNT S 923 . 77

GROSS f 921 .77%

Soundex helped us find Mr.
Zukrzawski when we were
balancing our checkbook.

We weren ’t sure how to spell
Al’s name, so searched for
AIZ and found him.
Instantly. The check register
and several other applica-
tions are free with Datadex.

Want a specific piece of information, like
sales for January 14-21? Inquire Datadex
and the answer comes up on the screen
right now. And right.

Want a report of all sales in ZIP code areas
starting with 9? Sure. Just ask it to print a
report.

But seeing is the only way to believe. Get a
demonstration of Datadex at your local
Apple dealer. See the personal computing
power it can bring to your office and home.
If you’ve looked at a VisiCalc-type program,
see Datadex before you buy.

By the way, about IUS. We’re the Apple
of software. We got there by giving you
great products and super support. We
provide customer service over the phone.
Professionally written documentation.

And products that are never outdated,
only updated. Information Unlimited
Software, Incorporated,

281 Arlington Ave. , Berkeley,

CA 94707. (415) 525-9452.

WAOCX
IN YOUR

Does your other software have
auto system configuration and
auto report generation?
Datadex does. You don’t
have to be a computer
expert to get results!

Datadex is a trademark of Sonoma Softworks.
EasyWriter is a trademark of Cap’n Software.
Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
VisiCalc is a trademark of Personal Software, Inc.

SUMMER 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 99

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX

PAGE

Advanced Business Technology, Inc 31

Advanced Computer Products 69

AGS Software 31

Apple Computer Inc 56, 84

ATV Research 24

Avant-Garde Creations 76

Basis O Incorporated 12

Beagle Bros 31

BubbleSoft 18

Computer Station 81

Creative Computing 71

dilithium Press 10

Eastern House Software 62

Galaxy 81

Highlands Computer Services 35

Information Unlimited Software 98

Instant Software 78,79

Lobo Drives International BC

McGraw-Hill Book Company 25

PAGE

Microsoft 5

Mountain Computer IFC

Nibble 21

Novation 49-52

Personal Software Inc 6, 7

Progressive Software 41

RKS Enterprises, Inc 89

Serendipity Systems 45

Software Publishing Corporation IBC

SSM Microcomputer Products 1

Strategic Simulations 93

Synergistic Software 63

Thunderware Incorporated 29

Used Computer Exchange 62

Verbatim 2

Videx 57

Vista Computers 95

VK Utilities 73

Votrax 97

INTERNATIONAL
APPLE CORE ’

Apple

Orchard

SUBSCRIPTIONS

P.O. Box 1493, Beaverton, Oregon 97075

Please enter a subscription to Apple Orchard for:

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP

COUNTRY

Subscription rate: $10.00 for four issues.

First class postage: $5.00 additional (required for Canada, Mexico, APO, and FPO addresses).
Overseas and other foreign air mail postage (required): $10 additional.

Charge it to my:

□ VISA □ MasterCard No Expiration date

Or make check or money order payable to ‘‘Apple Orchard” and return with this form to:

Apple Orchard Subscriptions
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, Oregon 97075

TOTAL REMITTANCE ENCLOSED: $ (USA)

PAGE 100

APPLE ORCHARD

SUMMER 1981

Buffer Overflov

LEFTOVER ABSTRACTS

By Dan Wasleski

from K.C. Apple Bits

Recently, I helped abstract some of the programs in the
Club library by composing a brief description of them.
After matching the descriptions with the programs, I found
I had some abstracts left over. I thought it would be a good
idea to write them down here so all of you can keep an eye
out for these lost programs.

XMAS This is a scavenger hunt for 2 to 20

I 84 Sectors players. The computer will ran-

domly pick a Christmas carol/
song and players must seek and
find the items mentioned in that
song. Requires bells, frankin-
cense, myrrh, angels, reindeer,
stable, holly, three French hens,
two turtledoves, etc.

MEMORY MOVE You are a brain surgeon in this Hi-
I 23 Sectors Res simulation. Use paddles to

manipulate your instruments. Re-
quires warm brain and paddles.

CENTERING This is a warm-up program for

ROUTINE HiRes Football.

I 19 Sectors

SOLITAIRE

A 234 Sectors

REGRESSION

A 67 Sectors

MOZART TWO
VOICES

I 44 Sectors

DUKEDOM

I 12 Sectors

HEX CONVERTER This program converts your voo-
A 61 Sectors doo curse to name-specified

ABBS user. Requires modem,
doll, and sixteen-pin adapter.

ELECTRICAL This is an engineering tutorial. Re-

ENGINEERING I quires 40 chairs.

A 4536 Sectors

SLOW MEMORY For anyone who has read this far.

TEST

I 2 Sectors

Computer plays with itself until
you shut it off.

This is a program in which oscil-
lating HiRes paterns hypnotize
you and take you back to your
childhood. CAUTION: Be sure to
have the program PROGRES-
SION inserted in the drive before
you start.

Two player game. Computer
gives starting pitch and players
must sing notes higher and higher
each turn. First player to shatter
computer wins.

John Wayne trivia quiz.

INFINITE NUMBER
OF COMPUTERS

A 99 Sectors

BEACH PARTY

I 69 Sectors

EGG MAC MUFFIN

A 83 Sectors

TWELVE ANGRY
MEN

A 12 Sectors

KUNG PONG
(PONG FU)

I 22 Sectors

OTHELLO

I 55 Sectors

MAZE

A 77 Sectors

A WORD

A 237,689 Sectors

T. O. U. G. H.

I 39 Sector

This program creates a monkey.
Requires a Mobius interface and
an infinite number of Apple
computers.

This is a fantasy game in which
you are taking a date to a beach
party and you have only $5.93.
You must decide how much, if
any, to spend on a blanket, swim-
ming trunks, beer and miscel-
laneous items. The outcome of
the evening depends on how well
you spend.

This program converts a 3.2 min-
ute egg into a 3.3 minute egg.

This game, based on the famous
movie, requires 12 players to hear
the evidence presented by the
computer. They must then judge
whether the defendant is guilty.
Requires 12 paddles, 6 computers
and one judge.

Version of Brick-out. Instead of
knocking out bricks with ball and
paddle, you remove them with
karate chops. Requires new
monitor for each game.

Fantasy game for two players.
You may choose to be either
Othello or Desdemona. (Some
choice!)

This is a fantasy game in which
you are a maze, and the computer
tries to get out of you. Painful
game.

This is a demo program which
shows off the alphabetic manipu-
lative powers of your Apple. Pro-
gram takes the word “A” and re-
arranges it in all of the possible
combinations. Requires 2 disk
drives, 48K, and Programmer
Aids 1 to 9.

This is an adventure fantasy set in
ancient Greece. You have to be
TOCJGH to survive and win
because you must tease Trojans,
offend Odysseus, upset Ulysses,

goad Greeks and harass Hector.^

The jjfs: software series

requires &48K.
losectofdisk based
AJflBHssysfcan

Sc^eRjHishi^Q wpmikln

c^fwa n> [\iblishin^Gatporation

The

Ifersonal

Eilmg

Rjrsonal

System

Report

System

A&ZjSs&lMU utfst&n

A Rrsonal Infomiation
Management System.

’four APPLE* computer really can track purchase
orders and inventory, analyze your investment records,
maintain client and patient histories, or even catalog
magazine abstracts and your stereo collection.
Software Publishing Corporation has the answer
and it doesn’t require programming!

We call it the PFS software series - an easy
to use yet powerful set of programs that let you
design a system that’s versatile enough to
manage almost any kind of information

PFS, the personal filing system, lets
you design your own form on the screen
for organizing information. Once it’s cre-
ated you just fill in the blanks. Looking
up what you’ve filed is just as easy. PFS
can search for a number, a single piece of
data, a word within a page of text, or
any combination. All forms that match
are displayed on the screen for browsing, updating, ex-
panding, or printing. PFS can even create mailing labels.

PFS: REPORT, the personal report system, uses
the files PFS creates to produce a report tailored to your

PFS is a trademark of Software Publishing Corporation.

Requires a 48K, 16-sector disk based
APPLE II system

specifications. Just mark the information you want listed
and PFS: REPORT will sort it and let you specify head-
ings, totals, averages, counts, and calculations, fou can
save your report design for use on a regular basis.

PFS and PFS: REPORT come with simple
self teaching manuals plus a support plan that
includes program updates and factory experts
ready to answer your questions. And all of this at
an affordable price. Each program is priced
below $100.

The PFS software series is differ-
ent. It is not a specialized application
package nor a complex programmer
oriented data base manager. It’s a per-
sonal information management sys-
tem that lets you store, retrieve, and
report information your way without
programming. The PFS software series
is available through your local dealers. If they don’t carry
it have them give us a call at (415) 368-7598 or
write to us at Software Publishing Corpora- 1
tion, PO. Box 50575, Palo Alto, CA 94303.

APPLE* is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Software FUblishing Corporation

A BIG HAPPENING
OR YOURJIPPLE

LOBO'S
New
Hard (
Disk '

Memory

Systems

Mass memory for your
APPLE™ ... t as|big and .fast
as a bhargjng 'Elephant ...
that’s LOBO’s neyv family
of disk memory systems.

Now you can connect
up to four 5V4-inch hard
disk drives (6 megabytes
each*), and/or four 8-inch
hard disk drives (up to 20
megabytes each*), and/or
four 14-inch disk drives (up
to 58 megabytes each*) to
your APPLE, all at the same
time. --You’ll never have to
run out of memory again.

Every LOBO Hard Disk
Memory System comes
complete with hard disk drives,

* unformatted

APPLE and APPLEDOS are trademarks of
APPLE Computer Co.

size-compatibl<
floppy disk drive (except

t inch model), controller,

1 1 1 I 1

DMA interface, chassis/
power supply, cables, and
DOS. And, they are
compeletely compatible
with most applications
software on the market
today.

Furthermore, LOBO’s
enhanced version of
APPLEDOS™ permits you
to build a data file as
large as 16 megabytes.

LOBO DRIVES, INT’L
354 South Fairview Ave.
Goleta, CA 93117
(805) 683-1576

No, you don’t have to
go on Safari to find mass
memory. For the
BIG story on
Hard Disk Memory
Systems, visit your
nearest LOBO keeper,
or contact our
“ Maha Soger”

I N T ER N AT IQNAL

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